Lesson 1
Student Handout
Reference Answers to Exercises
Exercise 1: Which of the two italicized expressions do you think is more appropriate in academic writing?
1.The government has made considerable/great progress in solving the problem.
2.We got/obtained excellent results in the experiment.
3.A loss of jobs is one of the consequences/things that will happen if the process is
sort out同义短语    automated.
4.The results of lots of/numerous tests have been pretty good/encouraging.
5.The relationship between the management and workers is extremely/really important.
6.Some suggestions springing up from/arising from the study will be presented.
7.Crash test dummies are really important for/an integral part of automotive crash tests.
8.According to a recent study just about/nearly 25% of all cell phone users view text messaging as an important source of entertainment.
Exercise 2: Underline the phrasal verbs in the sentences and replace them with a more appropriate verb from the list below. Change forms where necessary.
fluctuate    investigate    eliminate    raise    reduce    propose    intervene    determine
1.Researchers have been looking into the problem for 15 years. _ investigateing__
2.This issue was brought up during the seminar. _________raised_________
3.It is assumed that the management knows what is happening and will therefore step in if there is a problem. _______intervene_______
4.Schools cannot altogether get rid of the problem of truancy. ___eliminate_____
5.The number of staff has been cut down recently. _______reduced________
6.It was very difficult to find out exactly what happened. _____determine____________
7.House prices have a tendency to go up and down. __________fluctuate_______
8.A potential solution was put forward two years ago. _______proposed__________
Exercise 3:  Replace the following phrasal verbs with a more formal single word.
1. The locals could not put up with the visitors from the city. ________tolerate_______
2. The decline was brought about by cheap imports. ________caused_______
3. The university is thinking about recruiting more students. _______considering_______
4. Sales are likely to drop off in the third quarter. ______decline_____
5. The meeting was put off until December. ________postponed______
6. Given our fast-paced society, people must routinely put creative solutions to unexpected
    problems into practice. ____________implement________
7. Some people have cut down on their consumption of beef. _______reduced______
8. The cinema was pulled down ten years ago. __________demolished___________
Exercise 4: Use a more formal word or phrase to replace the italicized word.
1.The reaction of the officials was sort of negative. _____rather/quite/to an extent____
2.The economic outlook is nice. _____optimistic/promising________
3.The new method we have adopted seems good.____satisfactory/effective/efficient___
4.She was given the sack because of her poor record. __be fired/dismissed/laid off___
5.The competition we are facing has gotten more intense. ______intensified____
6.Many urban areas do not have enough land to build new public schools. ___lack___
7.Allergic reactions to local dental anesthesia do not happen very often. ____rarely occur/happen__
8.The doors on these ferries were made bigger to make it easier to load vehicles. _enlarged; to facilitate loading_________
Exercise 5: Let’s suppose you want to follow the considerations we have talked about. What problems may the following sentences have? How would you revise them?
1.You can use this model to optimize the water supply.
second person
This model can be used to optimize the water supply. / The water supply can be optimized using this model.
2.So, why did the bridge collapse? There’re a lot of reasons.
informal; contraction
The bridge collapsed for many reasons. / Many reasons account for the bridge collapse.
3.In addition to herbs, animal products are employed in some forms of traditional medicine frequently.
Mid-place of the adverb: frequently
Some forms of traditional medicine frequently employ both herbs and animal products. / In addition to herbs, animal products are frequently employed
4.So far there hasn’t been much research on how conflict influences the level of trust and respect in a group.
informal; contraction; negative form
To date, no comprehensive study has examined how conflict influences trust and respect in a group. / To date, little research has examined how conflict influences trust and respect in
a group

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