小品词词类判断
什么叫小品词?
小品词就是副、介同形的单词,由于在句中的作用不同,词性也就不同。在没有搞清是介词,还是副词的时候,就称之为“小品词”。
【理解要领】
※介词、副词形一样,句中作用不相同,介词后面要宾语,副词后面宾不用。
※介词要和动一起,副词可与动分开;及物动词加副词;不及物动词加介词,加了介词相当于及物动词。
1. 常用介、副同形的单词有:
in | on | up | down | off |
out | over | along | by | through |
across | round | across | round | near |
before | behind | past | since | under |
最难区别的几个小品词:
in | on | up | out | off |
down | over | through | along | by |
2. 介词、副词的区别方法:
【判别方法】
He got off the bus /at the corner.(按照意来划分,bus是off的宾语,所以这里的off是介词)
他在拐角处下了公共汽车。
He get off /at the corner.(按照意来划分,off后面没有词,所以这里的off是副词)
他在拐角处下车。
I found him in. (in后没有名词,它就是副词。)
我发现他在里面。
I found him /in the room. (按照意来划分,in是和the room联系在一起构成介词短语的,所以它是介词。)
我发现他在室内。
3. 副词的不同使用方法
【副词使用方法】
这种副词两边分,有的跟动词联系紧;有的句末单独行。
可跟动词一起构成短语动词的副词 | ||||
in | on | up | down | off |
out | over | along | by | through |
across | round | |||
只能放在句末使用的副词 | ||||
before | behind | past | since | under |
near | ||||
更多例句:
They were here/ before six.(介词)
他们6点之前在这里。
He has done this sort of work before.(副词)
他以前干过这种工作。
Push the car /across the bridge. (介词)
请把车推过桥。
Put your hands across and tie them together. (副词)
请把双手交叉,并将它们捆起来。
Peter is /behind us.(介词)
彼得在我们的后面。
He′s a long way behind.(副词)
他远远地落在后面。
The train passed/ through the tunnel. (介词)
列车穿过了隧道。
Let me pass through, please. (副词)
请让我通过。
She climbed/ over the wall.(介词)
她爬过墙头。
You′ll have to climb over too.(副词)
你也得爬过去。
When the meeting was over, the delegates went home.(副词)
会议结束后代表们各自回家了。(这里over=finished结束)
The shop is just/ round the corner.(介词)
商店拐过街口就是。
Come round(to my house)any evening.(副词)
The earth moves /around the sun. (介词)
地球绕着太阳转。
The good news soon got around. (副词)
He is sitting /on a chair. (介词)
Go on! Come on! (副词)
Turn the lights on. (副词)
晚上有空来我家串门。
He ran /up the stairs.(介词)
他跑上楼梯。
He went up/ in the lift.(副词)
他乘电梯上去了。
这些词中许多可以用来构成短语动词
The plane took off.
飞机起飞了。(离开了地面)
She put the scarf/ round her neck. (介词)
He came round.(副词)
他恢复知觉了。(恢复了意识)
4. 固定短语的分类
固定短语可以分为以下几类:
1)动词类: 动词加其它词构成的短语就叫做动词固定短语
1.1)不及物动词+副词=不及物动词
不及物动词+副词 | 词义 | 例句 |
break out | happen爆发 | The Anti-Japanese War broke out in 1937.抗日战争爆发于1937年。 |
come over/drop in | visit 来访 | Come over anytime; we’re always in.什么时候来访都行,我们总在家里。 sort out of |
hurry up | go quickly赶紧 | We must hurry up, or we’ll be late.我们的赶快走,不然就要迟到了。 |
go far | spread far走得远,持续久 | The news went far. 这消息传得很远。 This small tin of paint does not go far.这一小罐油漆用不了多久。 |
pull in | stop aside停靠 | The train pulled in two hours late.火车晚两小时到站。 |
stop over | stay for short中途停留 | Because the car broke down, we had to stop over for the night in the nearest town.由于汽车拔锚,我们只得在最近得小城镇里留宿。 |
take off | fly up起飞 | The pilot took off smoothly.飞行员平稳地驾机起飞了。 |
get up | arise 起立,起床 | He gets up at 6:00 in the morning every day. 他每天早上6:00起床。 |
1.2)不及物动词+介词=及物动词
词例 | 词义 | 例句 | 注解 |
listen to | 听 | He is listening to a radio now.他在听收音机。 | listen不能直接接听的对象,加to就可以了 |
look for | 寻 | She is looking for her pencil now.她在寻她的铅笔。 | look是看的意思,加了for就是新的词义“寻” |
look after | 照看 | My mother looks after my baby.我母亲照看孩子 | look 后面的介词不同,词义就不同,但与look有关, |
hear from | 收到来信(等) | Mother hasn’t hear from you for quite some time.母亲好久没有接到你的来信了。 | hear from 成了固定的词义,表示受到来信,信函等 |
hear of | 听到,得知 | I’ve never heard of the place.我从未听说过那个地方。 | hear of是听别人谈到过的意思 |
read of | 读到 | I have read of Lu Xun. 我读过关于鲁迅的书籍。 | read of不是直接读鲁迅,而是读到过关于鲁迅的资料或书籍 |
laugh at | 嘲笑 | They laughed at the young man.他们嘲笑过那位年轻人。 | laugh at 可以带宾语,而且表示嘲笑,嘲弄的意思 |
run after | 追赶,追求 | Some boy spend a lot of time and money running after girls.一些男孩子花去很多的时间和金钱去追求女孩子。 | run后加after,主要是追赶某人或某种时尚:run当及物动词用,通常是管理或经营的含义 |
stand for | 代表,象征 | What does “PTO” stand for? “PTO”代表什么? | stand for 一起使用,就相当于一个新词,表示:代表,象征的含义 |
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