考研英语长难句解析
一、考研英语长难句之定语从句
一、定语从句定语从句是英语中一种最常见的句型，它可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，即定语从句的关系词在文中修饰哪个词、短语或句子。在主句中不可缺少的定语从句称限定性定语从句。对主句起附加说明作用的定语从句称非限定性定语从句。此外，定语从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系，说明原因、目的、让步、假设等。例1.The change met the technical requirement of the new age andprevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and thirdgeneration after the energetic founders. (1996年真题)
例2. The American economic system is, organized around a basicallyprivate-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced byspending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that theywant most.
例3. If, on theother hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, thiswill tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price andpermit more consumers to buy the product.
例4. The government promised to give preferential taxation policiesand loans of low interest rate to thoseenterprises that could improve theirstructure of production and were willing to take in over 50 laid-off workersyearly.
例5. The local government introduced the snakes into this areahoping that they would control the number of mice, which finally became the threat needed to be controlled.
例6.The environmental protection should be given priority which means the economic developmentwould be lowered to some extent in a developing country.
例7.She was confirmed to be infected with bird flu that calls for a quarantine andmedical observation for weeks in the hospital.
例8.In Europe, aselsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups whichbring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing housesthat work in relation to one another.(2005年真题)
二、考研英语长难句之同位语从句
例1. The audience leranedform the internet the news that aserious explosion broke out in Xi’ana few d
ays ago.
例2.The rumor that she eloped with her boyfriend justcannot hold water, for I saw her
at home just now.
例3. However, the conventional view that education should be one of the veryhighest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.(2009年第3篇)
三、考研英语长难句之倒装句
倒装(inversion)是一种语法手段，用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要。英语的最基本的结构是主、谓结构，倒装就是将这种比较固定的词序加以颠倒。倒装有两种。将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来，叫做完全倒装(complete inversion)。如Then began a bitter war between the two countries.于是两国之间开始了恶战。
只将助动词(包括情态动词)移至主语之前，叫做部分倒装(partial inversion)。如At no time was the entrance left unguarded.入口无时无人把守。英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装，二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。前一种情况，倒装是必须的，否则就会出现语法错误，后一种情况，倒装是选择性的，倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。例1Among the advantages that future bio
chips, or “living computers”,would have over conventional semiconductor chips are that they are smaller,they do not generate as much heat, and they allow for the parallel processingof information, making them faster than today’s semiconductor devices.
例2This is the world outof which grows the hope, for the first time in history, of a society where therewill be freedom from want and freedom from fear.
注意：调整语序，加强语气。
以There be引出的倒装句
a.There seem to be many good candidates in the district.
b.There exist many problems among the present day students.
c.There appears to be a man in black in the distance.
以副词here, there, then, now, next引出的倒装句
a.Here come the rest of the party.
b.Now comes your turn.
c.Then followed the discovery of a new compoun
d.
d.Next came Edward with his wif
e.
以表地点的介词短语引出的倒装句
a.At the school gate stood a guard.
b.Under the tree are sitting some students.
c.On the bed lay a pretty kitten.
主语为代词时，不用倒装
Behind the counter he stood.
Behind the counter stood a man with glasses.
以表方位的副词引出的倒装句
a. Up went the arrow into the air.
b. Down fell adozen apples.
c.Off went the horse.
not短语置于句首
a.Not until he went abroad did he know the truth of the fact.
b.Not a moment did she waste on campus.
c.Not only did I know her, but I was her best frien
d.
d.Not simple is this book interesting, but also instructiv
e.
no短语置于句首
a.By no means should he be left alone.
b.In no way are can we allow this to continue.
c.In no case are you to leave your post.
d. On no account should we follow blindly.
e.Under no circumstances can we create or destroy energy.
f.No longer are they staying with us.
g.No sooner had she finished the poem than the students began go ask herquestions. only置于句首
a.Only by this means is it possible to explain his failure to act decisively.
b.Only after making investigation can we have the right to speak.
c.Only when one loses freedom does one know its value.
比较状语从句中的倒装
a.He ran as fast as did the person who came from England.
b. I spend less than do nine out of ten peoplein my position.
c. The greaterthe number of the free electrons in a material, the better is the
conductivityof the material.
让步状语从句中的倒装
a.Small as atoms, electrons are still smaller.
b. Complex as itmay appear, the rocket, which was invented in China over 800 years ago,
is arelatively simple device.
c.Hard as I tried to explain it to him, he still didn’t understan
d.
d.Much as I disagree with you, I yet respect you.
e.Vague though its category (is), it is without doubt an essay.
f.Try as he would, he could not lift the rock.
四、考研英语长难句之被动语态
1.变为汉语的主动形式
< In hisattitude can be found seeds for art in the 20th century: the art ofthe primitive, of symbol, and of imagination.
< It leads thediscussion to extremes at the outset：it invites you to think that animals shouldbe tested either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or withno consideration at all.
< On the whole such a conclusion canbe drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can beassumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whomhe is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevantinformation which they possessed.
< In general, the tests work mosteffectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined andleast effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be welldefined.
2.被动结构的表语化，可译为：“是…的”，“由…的”等。
< The movement to oppose racialdiscrimination was personally initiated and led by a famous Negro leader.
< This picture was taken by my brotheras he went to Yunnan.
3.译成具有被动意义的汉语结构。
< For all the help this computer mayprovide, it should not be seen as a substitute for fundamental thinking andreasoning skills.
< It should be made clear to entirecitizens that whoever enjoys rights must undertake corresponding obligations.
< Those who support the “nature” sideof the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns arelargely determined by biological factors.
< How well the predictions will bevalidated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, andappropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with whichit is interpreted.
4.增添“人们”、“大家”等适当的词做汉语译文的主语。
< With the new technique, measurementwas claimed to be much more precise.
< And it is imagined by many that theoperations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes,and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.
< During this transfer, traditionalhistorical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpretthe new forms of evidence in the historical study.
综合例题：Traditionally,legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve oflawyers rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of aneducated person.（2007年真题）
五、考研英语长难句之形式主语（宾语）结构
1. It is + adjective/ noun + clause
sort out rests upon
注意：先翻从句部分，再翻形容词/名词部分。

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