雅思阅读模拟题：Suns fickle heart may leave us cold
Sun's fickle heart may leave us cold
□ 25 January 2007
□ From New Scientist Print Edition.
□ Stuart Clark
1 There's a dimmer switch inside the sun that causes its brightness to rise
and fall on timescales of around 100,000 years - exactly the same period as
cold怎么读between ice ages on Earth. So says a physicist who has created a computer model
of our star's core.
and fall on timescales of around 100,000 years - exactly the same period as
cold怎么读between ice ages on Earth. So says a physicist who has created a computer model
of our star's core.
2 Robert Ehrlich of George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia, modelled
the effect of temperature fluctuations in the sun's interior. According to the
standard view, the temperature of the sun's core is held constant by the
the effect of temperature fluctuations in the sun's interior. According to the
standard view, the temperature of the sun's core is held constant by the
opposing pressures of gravity and nuclear fusion. However, Ehrlich believed that
slight variations should be possible.
slight variations should be possible.
3 He took as his starting point the work of Attila Grandpierre of the
Konkoly Observatory of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. In 2005, Grandpierre
and a collaborator, Gábor ágoston, calculated that magnetic fields in the sun's
core could produce small instabilities in the solar plasma. These instabilities
would induce localised oscillations in temperature.
Konkoly Observatory of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. In 2005, Grandpierre
and a collaborator, Gábor ágoston, calculated that magnetic fields in the sun's
core could produce small instabilities in the solar plasma. These instabilities
would induce localised oscillations in temperature.
4 Ehrlich's model shows that whilst most of these oscillations cancel each
other out, some reinforce one another and become long-lived temperature
variations. The favoured frequencies allow the sun's core temperature to
oscillate around its average temperature of 13.6 million kelvin in cycles
lasting either 100,000 or 41,000 years. Ehrlich says that random interactions
within the sun's magnetic field could flip the fluctuations from one cycle
length to the other.
other out, some reinforce one another and become long-lived temperature
variations. The favoured frequencies allow the sun's core temperature to
oscillate around its average temperature of 13.6 million kelvin in cycles
lasting either 100,000 or 41,000 years. Ehrlich says that random interactions
within the sun's magnetic field could flip the fluctuations from one cycle
length to the other.
5 These two timescales are instantly recognisable to anyone familiar with
Earth's ice ages: for the past million years, ice ages have occurred roughly
every 100,000 years. Before that, they occurred roughly every 41,000 years.
Earth's ice ages: for the past million years, ice ages have occurred roughly
every 100,000 years. Before that, they occurred roughly every 41,000 years.
6 Most scientists believe that the ice ages are the result of subtle
changes in Earth's orbit, known as the Milankovitch cycles. One such cycle
describes the way Earth's orbit gradually changes shape from a circle to a
slight ellipse and back again roughly every 100,000 years. The theory says this
alters the amount of solar radiation that Earth receives, triggering the ice
ages. However, a persistent problem with this theory has been its inability to
explain why the ice ages changed frequency a million years ago.
changes in Earth's orbit, known as the Milankovitch cycles. One such cycle
describes the way Earth's orbit gradually changes shape from a circle to a
slight ellipse and back again roughly every 100,000 years. The theory says this
alters the amount of solar radiation that Earth receives, triggering the ice
ages. However, a persistent problem with this theory has been its inability to
explain why the ice ages changed frequency a million years ago.
7 "In Milankovitch, there is certainly no good idea why the frequency
should change from one to another," says Neil Edwards, a climatologist at the
Open University in Milton Keynes, UK. Nor is the transition problem the only one
the Milankovitch theory faces. Ehrlich and other critics claim that the
should change from one to another," says Neil Edwards, a climatologist at the
Open University in Milton Keynes, UK. Nor is the transition problem the only one
the Milankovitch theory faces. Ehrlich and other critics claim that the
temperature variations caused by Milankovitch cycles are simply not big enough
to drive ice ages.
to drive ice ages.
8 However, Edwards believes the small changes in solar heating produced by
Milankovitch cycles are then amplified by feedback mechanisms on Earth. For
example, if sea ice begins to form because of a slight cooling, carbon dioxide
that would otherwise have found its way into the atmosphere as part of the
carbon cycle is locked into the ice. That weakens the greenhouse effect and
Earth grows even colder.
Milankovitch cycles are then amplified by feedback mechanisms on Earth. For
example, if sea ice begins to form because of a slight cooling, carbon dioxide
that would otherwise have found its way into the atmosphere as part of the
carbon cycle is locked into the ice. That weakens the greenhouse effect and
Earth grows even colder.
9 According to Edwards, there is no lack of such mechanisms. "If you add
their effects together, there is more than enough feedback to make Milankovitch
work," he says. "The problem now is identifying which mechanisms are at work."
This is why scientists like Edwards are not yet ready to give up on the current
theory. "Milankovitch cycles give us ice ages roughly when we observe them to
happen. We can calculate where we are in the cycle and compare it with
their effects together, there is more than enough feedback to make Milankovitch
work," he says. "The problem now is identifying which mechanisms are at work."
This is why scientists like Edwards are not yet ready to give up on the current
theory. "Milankovitch cycles give us ice ages roughly when we observe them to
happen. We can calculate where we are in the cycle and compare it with
observation," he says. "I can't see any way of testing [Ehrlich's] idea to see
where we are in the temperature oscillation."
where we are in the temperature oscillation."
10 Ehrlich concedes this. "If there is a way to test this theory on the
sun, I can't think of one that is practical," he says. That's because variation
over 41,000 to 100,000 years is too gradual to be observed. However, there may
be a way to test it in other stars: red dwarfs. Their cores are much smaller
than that of the sun, and so Ehrlich believes that the oscillation periods could
be short enough to be observed. He has yet to calculate the precise period or
the extent of variation in brightness to be expected.
sun, I can't think of one that is practical," he says. That's because variation
over 41,000 to 100,000 years is too gradual to be observed. However, there may
be a way to test it in other stars: red dwarfs. Their cores are much smaller
than that of the sun, and so Ehrlich believes that the oscillation periods could
be short enough to be observed. He has yet to calculate the precise period or
the extent of variation in brightness to be expected.
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