附录
How Does the Clutch Work
The clutch is a device to engage and disengage power from the engine, allowing the vehicle to stop and start.
A pressure plate or “driving member” is bolted to the engine flywheel, and a clutch plate or “driven member” is loc ated between the flywheel and the pressure plate. The clutch plate is spline to the shaft extending from the transmission to the flywheel, commonly called a clutch shaft or input shaft. When the clutch and pressure plates are locked together by friction, the clutch shaft rotates with the engine crankshaft. Power is transferred from the engine to the transmission, where it is routed through different gear rations to obtain the best speed and power to start and keep the vehicle moving.
The flywheel is located at the rear of the engine and is bolted to the crankshaft. It helps absorb power impulses, resulting in a smoothly-idling engine and provides momentum to carry the engine through its operating cycle. The rear surface of the flywheel is machined flat and the clutch components are attached to it. The driving member is commonly called the pressure plate. It is bolted to the engine flywheel and its main purpose is to exert pressure against the clutch plate, holding the plate tight against
the flywheel and allowing the power to flow from the engine to the transmission. It must also be capable of interrupting the power flow by releasing the pressure on the clutch plate. This allows the clutch plate to stop rotating while the flywheel and pressure plate continues to rotate.
The pressure plate consist of a heavy metal plate, coil springs or diaphragm spring, release levers (fingers), and a cover. When coil springs are used, they are evenly spaced around the metal plate and located between the plate and the metal cover. This places an even pressure against the plate, which in turn presses the clutch plate tight against the flywheel. The cover is bolted tightly to the flywheel and the metal pate is movable, due to internal linkages. The coil springs are arranged to exert direct or indirect tension on the metal plate, depending upon the manufacturer’s design. Three release levers (fingers), evenly spaced around the cover, are used on most pressure plates to release the holding pressure of the springs on the clutch plate, allowing it to disengage the power flow.
When a diaphragm spring is used instead of coil springs, the internal linkage is necessarily different to provide an “over-center” action to release the clutch plate from the flywheel. Its operation can be compared to the operation of an oilcan. When depressing the slightly curved metal on the bottom of the oilcan, it goes over-center and gives out a loud “clicking” noise; when released, the noise is again heard as the metal returns to its original
spring怎么读怎么翻译
position. A click is not heard in the clutch operation, but the action of the diaphragm spring is the same as the oilcan.
The clutch plate or driven member consists of a round metal plate attached to a splined hub. The outer portion of the round plate is covered with a friction material of molded or woven asbestos and is riveted or bonded to the plate. The thickness of the clutch plate and /or facings may be warped to give a softer clutch engagement. Coil springs are often installed in the hub to help provide a cushion against the twisting force of engagement. The splined hub is mated to (and turns) a splined transmission shaft when the clutch is engaged.
The release (throw out) bearing is usually a ball bearing unit, mounted on a sleeve, and attached to the release or throw out lever. Its purpose is to apply pressure to the diaphragm spring or release levers in the pressure plate. When the clutch pedal is depressed, the pressure of the release bearing or lever actuates the internal linkages of the pressure plate, releasing the clutch plate and interrupting the power flow. The release bearing is not in constant contract with the pressure plate. A linkage adjustment clearance should be maintained.
The clutch pedal provides mechanical means for the driver to control the engagement and disengage
ment of the clutch. The pedal is connected mechanically to either a cable or rods, which are directly connected to the release bearing lever.
When the clutch pedal is depressed, the linkage moves the release bearing lever. The release lever is attached at the opposite end to a release bearing which straddles the transmission clutch shaft, and presses inward on the pressure plate gingers or the diaphragm spring. This inward pressure acts upon the fingers and internal linkage of the pressure plate and allows the clutch plate to move away from the flywheel, interrupting the flow of power.
While the clutch pedal is depressed and the power flow interrupted, the transmission can be shifted in to any gear. The clutch pedal is slowly released to gradually move the clutch pate toward the flywheels under pressure of the pressure plate springs. The friction between the clutch plate and flywheel becomes greater as the pedal is released and the engine speed increased. Once the vehicle is moving, the need for clutch slippage is lessened, and the clutch pedal can be fully released.
Coordination between the clutch pedal and accelerator is important to avoid engine stalling, shock to the driveline components and excessive clutch slippage and overheating.
离合器如何工作
离合器是传递和分离发动机动力的装置，实现车辆的停车和启动。
压盘也就是主动部分，用螺栓连接到发动机飞轮上，从动盘也就是从动部分，位于飞轮和压盘之间。从动盘花键连接到变速器与飞轮之间的轴上，这段轴一般称作离合器轴或者变速器输入轴。当离合器主动部分和压盘被摩擦力锁定到一起时，离合器轴与发动机曲轴一起旋转。动力从发动机传出，传到变速器上，在这里动力通过不同的齿轮传动比获得起车或继续前行的最佳速度和动力。
飞轮位于发动机的边上，并用螺栓连接到曲轴上。它有助于吸收发动机的动力冲量，保证发动机平稳旋转，并在运转循环过程中提供动量带动发动机。飞轮的背面加工成平面，离合器组件结合在上边。
离合器主动件通常被称作压盘。它螺栓连接到发动机飞轮上，主要目的是在离合器片上施加压力，使离合器片紧紧接触在飞轮上，以保证动力从发动机传送到变速器，离合器片上的压力撤销时，离合器需能够切断动力的传输。这就意味着在飞轮和压盘保持旋转的时候，离合器片却能停止转动。
主动部分由一个较重的金属，螺旋弹簧或者膜片弹簧，分离杠杆（分离指）和离合器盖组成。
当使用螺旋弹簧时，弹簧位于压盘与金属壳之间，均匀的分布在金属压盘周围。这就给压盘提供了一个均匀的压紧力，压盘又将离合器片紧紧地压紧在飞轮上。离合器壳用螺栓紧紧地连接在飞轮上，由于内在的连接，压盘可以轴向移动。均匀分布的螺旋弹簧给压盘提供直接过间接地压力，这取决于生产厂家
的设计。大部分离合器压盘有三个均匀分布在离合器壳周围的分离杠杆（分离指），分离杠杆用来解除弹簧施加在离合器片上的压紧力，从而切断动力的传输。
当用膜片弹簧代替螺旋弹簧时，内部连接是截然不同的，它提供一个通过中心的动作来时离合器片与飞轮分离。它的运作可以比喻成油罐的动作。当压下罐子底部的轻微弯曲金属时，金属就弹到中心的另一侧，并且发出很大的声音，当放松时，金属恢复到最初的位置，同样伴随着很大的声音。在离合器运作时，并听不到敲击的声音，但膜片弹簧的动作和油罐的动作是相同的。
离合器片或者从动部分由连接在花键毂上的圆形金属片构成。金属圆片的外部覆盖着摩擦材料，这些摩擦材料是模锻的或者是编制的石棉，摩擦材料铆接或粘合在金属圆片上。离合器片的厚度或成弯曲状的表面能使离合器的结合比较的柔和。螺旋弹簧经常安装在轮毂上来协助提供对离合器结合事的扭曲力的一个较软的阻抗。当离合
器结合时，花键毂紧密结合到变速器花键轴上。
分离轴承通常是一个安放在分离套筒上的球轴承，并接触在分离杠杆上，它的作用是给与压盘接触的膜片弹簧或者分离杠杆提供压力。当离合器踏板被踩下时，分离轴承或者分离杠杆的压力驱动压盘的内部连接，放松离合器片，中断动力的传输。分离轴承并不是一直与压盘接触的，这就该设置一个清楚间隙的调节器。
离合器踏板给驾驶员提供一个机械的方式来控制离合器的结合和分离。踏板用钢索或者杆等机械连接，钢索或者杆直接连接到分离轴承的分离叉上。
当离合器踏板踩下时，连接系驱动分离轴承的分离叉。分离杠杆接触在分离轴承的另一端，分离轴承跨在在变速器、离合器轴上，和内部的压盘分离指或者膜片弹簧上。内在的压力作用在分离指上和压盘的内在连接杆上，实现离合器片离开飞轮，中断动力传输。
当离合器踏板被踩下，动力传输被切断，变速器移动到任何齿轮。离合器踏板缓慢的放松，在压盘弹簧压力下，离合器片渐渐的向飞轮移动。在离合器踏板放开和发动机转速升高时，离合器片和飞轮之间的摩擦力变大。当车辆开始移动，离合器滑动的必要性就减少，离合器踏板就可以完全的放开。
对于避免发动机抛锚，动力传动系统的组件的冲击，过多的离合器滑磨和过热，加速踏板和离合器踏板的协调是非常重要的。

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