In order to communicate thoughts and feelings, people invented a conventional system of signs or symbols which mean the same to the sender and the receiver.
(为了更好的交流思想和感情，人们设计出了通常用的标记和符号系统，而这标记和符号交流双方都能看的懂。)
12
英汉两种语言的不同点：意合和形合
汉语比较注重事物发展的客观顺序，先发生什么，后发生什么，结果怎样，最后才加上作者的评论和观点，不管有多少动词都可以并列、排比使用，不会出现词法、句法等的冲突 。
主题显著，而非单单的一个主语，注重句子的“意和”，这就要求我们透过句子的表层结构，深入到句子的内涵，先抓“整体”印象，充分理解过以后再把原文的意思形象翻译出来。
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英语
英语突出主语，往往是评论、观点在前，叙述、原因在后；表面形式上追求句子的“形和” ，对句子的结构要求非常严谨，特别强调句子结构的平衡，往往借助于句法、词法（如主从句、分词、不定式等手段）来维持句子表面上的平衡、完整性，极力避免句子的“头重脚轻”（因此，也就出现了许多“it is said that…” 等等无主句）。
所以，英文则是把作者的观点、主张放在前面，以后再跟着原因、结果和目的等等从句。
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“ 汉语的句子结构好比一根竹子，一节一节地连下去，而英语的句子结构好比一窜葡萄，主杆可能很短，累累的果实附着在上面。”
西文像树上分出枝桠，中文如铜钿串在一起。”
As you were out, I left a message.
你不在，我就留了一张纸条。
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If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
冬天来了，春天还会远吗？
The boy had his breakfast and went off to school
男孩吃过早饭上学去了。
 近闻夫人健康如常，颇感欣慰。
It is a supreme comfort to me when I am informed that you are as healthy as ever.
亡羊补牢，犹未为晚。
It is not too late to mend the fold even after some sheep have been lost.
“Grasp all, lose all.”
（如果你样样都抓，就会一样也抓不到。）
25spring是什么意思中文翻译是什么意思

英汉句式比较
英语状语：地点状语在时间状语之前
英语定语：既可以前置也可以后置
实事求是的态度 a down-to-earth attitude
我们正在讨论的问题 a question under discussion
a little, yellow, ragged, lame, unshaven baggar
一个乞丐，身材矮小，面黄肌瘦，衣衫褴褛，满脸胡须。
他的左眼瞎了。
He is blind in the left eye.
中国的富强和发展不会对任何国家构成威胁
A strong and prosperous China will pose no threat to any other nations.
Dusk found him crying in the street.
黄昏时，他在街上哭了起来
Too much water, like little water, will kill the plant.
浇的水太多或太少，这种植物都会死。
他来，我走
If he comes, I will leave.
Since he has come, I will leave.
As soon as he comes, I will leave.
门开了，学生们一涌而入。
The door opened and the students came crowding in.
Grasp all, lose all.  贪多必失
英语意合到汉语形合
Sure bind, sure find.
若想东西好，事先必须放好
Lulled by the gentle motion of the boat and soothed by the rippling music of the waves， the babies soon fell asleep.
船儿轻轻摇晃，波声潺潺悦耳，孩子们不久就睡着了。
 
若要信到，贴足邮票
Letters will not be sent unless adequately stamped.
幸亏一个渔夫救起了他
Fortunately, he was picked up by a fisherman.
The book won’t be sold. /The book won’t sell.
这本书不卖（人不卖这本书）/这本书不好卖（不畅销）
1.The old-fashioned general store is fast disappearing. This is, perhaps, a pity, because shopping today seems to lack that personal element which existed when shop keeper knew all his regular customers personally.
旧时的百货店很快就消失了。过去，店主私下里都认识他的老主顾们，而在今天这种事情再也不复存在了，这实在是太可惜了。

American education owes a great deal to Tomas Jefferson..
托马斯.杰弗逊为美国的教育作出了很大的贡献.
1.Under the dust was a color map of Paris.
(巴黎地图上布满了灰尘。)

2.Written on the card was a message under the printed Happy Birthday.
(卡片上“生日快乐”字样的下面写着一条消息。)

如果一个句子里既有叙事的部分，又有表态的部分，在汉语里往往是叙事在前，表态在后，叙事部分可以很长，表态部分一般都很短。
在英语里则往往相反，表态在前，叙事在后。

I am very happy and grateful to receive your message of greetings.
接到你们的贺函， 我十分愉快和感谢。
The two sides agreed that it is desirable to broaden the understanding between the two peoples。
双方同意，扩大两国人民之间的了解是可取的。
One can never succeed without making great efforts.

英语表达：结果-条件
汉语译文：不努力就不会成功。条件-结果
中国自从改革开放以来，发生了很大的变化。
误：Since China’s policy of reform and opening, China has taken place a great many changes.
正：A great many changes have taken place in China since the policy of reform and opening to the outside world.

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