宾语
I 什么是宾语？
放在及物动词后面表示动作的承受者的词是该动词的宾语。但是只有谓语动词的宾语才是句子的宾语。例如：
He is reading a book.
I have seen the film, so I know what the film is about.
He refused to help me at that very moment.
除了及物动词要接宾语以外，介词后面也要接宾语，介词和它的宾语被称为介宾短语。介宾短语常用来作表语，定语，状语或补足语。例如：
The girl in a red skirt is my little sister.
They held a meeting yesterday in the classroom.
With a book in his hand, he came into the office.
It sounds like a train passing through the house.
My mother isn’t in now, she is at work in her office.
II. 什么可以作宾语？
可以充当宾语的有：名词，代词，数词，the adj(表示一类人和物), v-ing, to do, 宾语从句。
1. 名词或代词，数词，the adj(表示一类人和物)作宾语 例如：
He bought a new car and he likes it very much.
They are playing basketball on the playground.
She walks her dog every day after school.
We should help the homeless.
We need five instead of two.
2. 动词的ing形式做宾语。
I’m considering going abroad to study computer.
We don’t permit smoking here in our office.
Nobody can escape being punished if he/she cheats in an exam.
有些动词后面只能接ing作宾语。例如：, admit, appreciate avoid, ban, delay, deny, enjoy, envy, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, suggest等。
avoid, miss, delay/postpone/put off
避免错过少延期
suggest, finish, practise
建议完成多练习
enjoy, imagine, can’t help
喜欢想象禁不住
admit, deny, envy
承认否定与嫉妒
escape, risk, excuse
逃避冒险莫原谅
keep, appreciated, mind
保持欣赏不介意
有些短语后也只能接v-ing作宾语。特别是含有介词to的短语：feel like, can’t stand/bear, cannot help, give up, insist on, be worth doing, be/get used to, devote…to…, look forward to, pay attention to, get down to, be addicted to, be/get/become accustomed to, lead to, contribute to，object to等。例如：
I’m looking forward to receiving your letter.
I am still not used to getting up so early every morning.
以下几个词常接v-ing作宾语，而接不定式作宾补。他们是：allow, permit, forbid, advise，consider。例如：
We don’t allow smoking in public places.
Teachers don’t allow students to speak in class.
Students are not allowed to speak in class.
3. 不定式作宾语。
He refused to admit his mistake.
We decided to have a meeting immediately to discuss this problem.
接跟不定式作宾语的动词很多. 常见的有, agree, attempt, choose, decide, determine, expect, hope, intend, learn, manage, promise, pretend, plan, refuse, seek(尽力), want, wish等. 例如:
She wants to cook some vegetables quickly for lunch.
He has promised to help me.
He pretended not to see me when I passed by.
They agreed to buy the house as it was.
They seek to reduce waste.
They decided to move to New York immediately.
object to
He managed to keep out of debt.
He chooses to stay at home.
He refused to take any money.
有些动词后面既可以接不定式作宾语，又可以接v-ing作宾语，但意义上有区别。它们是：remember to do和remember doing, forget to do和forget doing, regret to do和regret doing, mean to do和mean doing, try to do和try doing, stop to do和stop doing, go on to do和go on doing, want/need/require to和want/need/require doing, can't help doing sth. 忍不住做某事。can't help to do sth.  不能帮做某事。例如:
Let’s stop to have a rest.
Please stop discussing.
I regret to tell you that you failed in the exam.
I regret (having) told him the bad news.
I forgot to put the food into the refrigerator, and they went bad.
I forgot having added salt to the soup, so I put some again, and the soup was too salty.
Missing this chance means waiting another two years.
I’m sorry, I didn’t mean to hurt you by saying so.
Let go on cleaning the classroom.
After washing all the clothes, she went on to clean the house.
4. 宾语从句作宾语
He said that he would not attend the meeting to be held next week because he would have something more important to do.
They told me that he had had supper.
宾语从句的引导词有that, if, whether, who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why,
how, whoever, whatever, whichever等，宾语从句的语序要用陈述语序。
He asked who broke the window.
We don’t know whether the sports meet will be held in time or not.
With so many books for me to choose, I don’t know which one I should choose.
III什么是双宾语？
有时有些及物动词常接两个宾语：直接宾语（The Direct Object）和间接宾语(The Indirect Object)才能完整的表达句意，称之为双宾语。这两个宾语往往一个指物，一个指人。直接宾语一般代表事物，而间接宾语一般代表人。在句中，直接宾语通常出现在间接宾语之后。常见的这类动词有：award, bring, buy, deny, do, envy, fetch, give, find, hand, leave, make, offer, owe, pass, show, read, sell, sing, teach, tell等。例如
Our teacher told us an interesting story.
He bought his girl friend some flowers.
My mother found me a job.
The teacher gave me a book named “Pride and Prejudice”.
Show me your new dictionary.
She reads her mother the letter.
The Grandpa often tells his grandson old stories.
注意：有时候，间接宾语可以由介词to, for或者of连接，放在直接宾语的后面，句子的意义保持不变，但句子的结构发生了变化。例如：
He bought me these flowers.  = He bought these flowers to me.

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