练习57 语法填空＋阅读理解
Ⅰ.语法填空
lesson or to pass on wisdom. Fables were part of the oral tradition of many early cultures, and the well­known Aesop's fables date to the 2.________ (six) century B．C.Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, 3.________ Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow”．
Carson uses a simple, direct style common to fables. In fact, her style and tone (口吻) are seemingly directed at children. “There was once a town in the heart of America 4.________ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful c o­existence with its surroundings，” her fable begins, 5.________ (borrow) some familiar words from many age­old fables. Behind the simple style, however, is a serious message 6.________ (intend) for everyone.
7．________ (difference) from traditional fables, Carson's story ends with an accusation instead of a moral. She warns of the environmental dangers facing society, and she teaches that people must take responsibility 8.________ saving their environment.
The themes of traditional fables often deal with simple truths about everyday life. However, Carson's theme is a more weighty 9.________ (warn) about environmental destruction. Carson proves that a simple literary form that has been passed down through the ages can still 10.________ (employ) today to draw attention to important truths.
ignore the waste behind youⅡ.阅读理解
A
You've heard an old Chinese saying before: Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime. You may even be nodding your head in agreement right now.  However，we can have a different understanding of it.
When a person is starving, that's not the time to fill their head with knowledge but to first give the person a fish—eradicating their hunger—and only then teach them to fish. Far too often, people ignore this common­sense first step. They see someone who is struggling, and they rush to offer wisdom.  “Let me tell you what I'd do in your position，” a well­meaning individual might offer.
But few of us understand the anxiety, confusion and uncertainty that come with overwhelming need. People meeting with personal disasters don't have the ability to think straight. Their nerves may be s hot. Their confidence may be non­existent.  Can you imagine what it would be like to be in that person's situation?
Rushing to offer a struggling person long­term advice is a waste of time. Instead, it makes far more sense to help them regain their emotional balance. Once
their ears, heart and mind open, you'll have an opportunity to teach a new skill.
But how do we know whether a person needs a fish before a fishing lesson? Two things: One is the ability to pay attention. We need to know whether the other person is open and receptive, or looking at the world through narrowed eyes. You can't just take their words but have to look at how the person acts and what they don't say. The other is empathy (共情). The more successful you are, the harder it is to imagine what it must be like to be the opposite. Try to create a safe environment for emotional acceptance before the fishing lesson.
1．What is the function of the first paragraph?
A．To illustrate a concept.
B．To bring in a new viewpoint.
C．To introduce the background.
D．To put up an example.
2．What does the underlined word “eradicating”  mean    in Paragraph 2?
A．Getting rid of.
B．Paying attention to.
C．Making up for.
D．Putting up with.
3．What should we do first for those in disasters?
A．Get them to think straight.
B．Enhance their confidence.
C．Satisfy their primary needs.
D．Teach them a new skill.
4．Which does the author probably agree with according    to the last paragraph?
A．Live and learn.
B．Never teach a fish to swim.
C．Put yourself in others' shoes.
D．Don't teach an old dog new tricks.
B
Like any doctor, Jacques Fellay wants to give his patients the best care. Hidden inside our bodies are genetic (基因的)  markers that can tell him which patients could probably have diseases such as AIDS and provide early treatments. However, there are worries for Fellay: they contain sensitive deta
ils that could lead to embarrassment, discrimination or even worse.
A new kind of encryption, fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) (完全同态加密),  is making it possible for data users to run multiple operations on genetic data without seeing the contents. This can help end big data's privacy problems, and Fellay's patients can be some of the first to benefit.
In 1978, the concept of homomorphic encryption (HE) was firstly proposed. According to it, one could encrypt and share data with others, who could analyze and perform calculations on the data with no idea what it    means. After getting the data back, the data user could simply arrive at the result using the secret key
and it will make total sense.
In 2009, Craig Gentry firstly provided a workable FHE program.  Like HE,
it rests on a mathematical idea called a homomorphism, which mostly relies on using  algebra (代数) to map data from one form to another  without changing its underlying structure. However, it  supports multiple operations on encrypted data, rather than only one calculation in HE.
Later, Gentry went on to work at IBM, which now has complicated FHE tools
to run encrypted data. In the  medical field, for example, it detected signs of    pneumonia (肺炎) infection by applying FHE to analyze  the encrypted CT scans of more than 1，500 people's  lungs. In a paper published in October 2021, the team  used FHE to collect data from multiple sources and    predicted the effect of cancer treatments or the process of  HIV infection, as in Fellay's case.
Workable, but still slow: calculations on the FHE­encrypted data could take millions of times longer than    those on raw data.  But, as Goldwasser said, “If you    believe that security is not a plus, but it's a must, then    in some sense there is no overhead.”
5．What is Fellay concerned about?
A．Serious diseases.
B．Sensitive patients.
C．The safety of personal data.
D．The lack of genetic information.
6．In what way is FHE different from HE?
A．It speeds up the analyses.
B．It allows more calculations.
C．It prevents direct access to data.
D．It depends on the use of algebra.
7．What is Goldwasser's attitude towards FHE?
A．Contradictory.        B．Unclear.
C．Favorable.          D．Intolerant.
8．What is the main idea of the text?
A．FHE protects privacy in the big data era.
B．FHE opens a new world for medical workers.
C．Gentry proposed a new encryption technology.
D．Homomorphic encryption developed over time.
练习57 语法填空＋阅读理解
Ⅰ.语法填空
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了寓言的形式在今天仍然具有价值。
1．答案与解析：to teach 考查非谓语动词。句意：几千年来，人们通过讲寓言来传授知识或传授智慧。根据句意可知，此处表达“来传授知识和智慧”，所以用不定式作目的状语。故填to teach。
2．答案与解析：sixth 考查序数词。句意：寓言是许多古代文化口述传统的一部分，而著名的伊索寓言可以追溯到公元前6世纪。century“世纪”前面要用序数词形式。故填sixth。
3．答案与解析：as 考查定语从句。句意：然而，正如雷切尔·卡森在《明日寓言》中所说，寓言的形式在今天仍然具有价值。引导非限定性定语从句，且有“正如”之意，用关系代词as引导。故填as。
4．答案与解析：where 考查定语从句。句意：“从前，在美国的中心地带有一个小镇，那里所有的生命似乎都和周围的环境一起享受着和平的生活，”她的寓言是这样开头的，借用了许多古老寓言中的一些熟悉的词。句中先行词为town，在非限定性定语从句作地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导。故填where。
5．答案与解析：borrowing 考查非谓语动词。句意：“从前，在美国的中心地带有一个小镇，那里所有的生命似乎都和周围的环境一起享受着和平的生活，”她的寓言是这样开头的，借用了许多古老寓言中的一些熟悉的词。句中已有谓语动词，所以用非谓语动词形式。逻辑主语her fable与borrow之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词作状语。故填borrowing。
6．答案与解析：intended 考查非谓语动词。句意：然而，在简洁的风格背后，是每个人都想要传达的重要信息。be intended for打算为……所用，在句中作定语，所以用过去分词形式。故填intended。
7．答案与解析：Different 考查形容词。句意：与传统寓言不同，卡森的故事以一种指责而不是道德结束。be different from与……不同，所以用形容词作状语。故填Different。
8．答案与解析：for 考查介词。句意：她警告社会面临的环境危险，并教导人们必须承担起保护环境的责任。take responsibility for对……负责。故填for。
9．答案与解析：warning 考查名词。句意：然而，卡森的主题是对环境破坏的更严重警告。形容词weighty后接名词形式。根据句中不定冠词a可知，用可数名词的单数形式。故填warning。
10．答案与解析：be employed 考查语态。句意：卡森证明了一种简单的抒情形式，已经代代相传，今天仍然可以用来吸引人们对重要真理的关注。从句主语a simple literary form与employ之间为被动关系，所以用被动语态。情态动词can后接动词原形。故填be employed。
Ⅱ.阅读理解
A
【语篇解读】人们总认为饥饿的人最需要的是食物，只有填饱肚子才能帮助他们平复因饥饿而产生的焦虑、困惑等消极因素，让他们愿意接受新思想，第二步才能教会他们智慧和方法。但是，人们往往忽视了第一步的重要性。
1．答案与解析：B 推断。通读第一段并结合下文内容可知，该段从中国谚语“授人以鱼不如授人以渔”说起，引出本文的新观点：在别人饥饿时，当务之急是给他食物让他消除饥饿，这是关键的一步，却常被人忽略。故B项正确。
2．答案与解析：A理解词汇。根据第二段的“to first give the person a
fish—eradicating their hunger”并结合常识可知，当一个人挨饿的时候，不要给他灌输知识，而是先给他一条鱼，以消除他们的饥饿，然后再教他们钓鱼。据此可知，画线词意为“消除”，故A项正确。
3．答案与解析：C 推断。根据第二段的“When a ach them to fish”可知，当一个人挨饿的时候，不要给他灌输知识，而是先给他一条鱼——消除他们的饥饿——然后再教他们钓鱼。据此可以推知，对于那些身陷灾难中的人，我们首先应当满足其基本需求，故C项正确。
4．答案与解析：C 推断。通读尾段可知，尾段指出确定一个人在上钓鱼课之前是否需要一条鱼，第一要看对方集中注意力的能力，要确定对方是开放的、乐意接受的；第二是要有同理心，即让对方在安全的环境中接受帮助。据此可知，尾段强调应当设身处地为别人着想，故C项正确。A项意为“活到老，学到老”；B项意为“不要班门弄斧”；D项意为“老古董学不会新东西”，都与文意不符。
B
【语篇解读】文章介绍了一种新型加密技术——完全同态加密程序的开发过程以及意义。
5．答案与解析：C 理解具体信息。根据第一段中的“However, there are worries for Fellay: they contain sensitive details that could lead to embarrassment，discrimination or even worse”可知，Fellay医生担忧隐藏在我们体内的基因标记物所包含的敏感细节被泄露后会导致尴尬、歧视甚至更糟，即他担心个人资料的安全问题，故选C。
6．答案与解析：B 理解具体信息。明题意：本题问“完全同态加密和同态加密有什么不同？”→寻线索：根据第四段最后一句话“However, it supports multiple operations on encrypted data, rather than only one calculation in HE”可知，完全同态加密支持对加密数据进行多次操作，而不是在同态加密中只进行一次计算→定答案：由此可知，完全同态加密和同态加密的区别在于完全同态加密允许多次计算，故选B。
7．答案与解析：C 推断。根据最后一段Goldwasser所说的话“If you believe that security is not a plus, but it's a must, then in some sense there is no overhead”可知，Goldwasser认为完全同态加密系统是加分项，即她对完全同态加密持赞成态度，故选C。
8．答案与解析：A 理解文章主旨要义。文章开头以医生担心病人个人资料的安全问题为话题引入了完全同态加密程序，然后以此为线索对该程序进行介绍，即这篇文章主要讲述了完全同态加密程序保护个人隐私的功能，故选A。

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