4Context of the organization
4.1Understanding the organization and its context
The organization shall determine external and internal issues that are relevant to its purpose and that affect its ability to achieve the intended outcome(s) of its environmental management system. Those issues include environmental conditions capable of affecting or being affected by the organization.
4.2 Understanding the needs and expectations of interested parties  The organization shall determine:
‐the interested parties that are relevant to the environmental management system;
‐the relevant needs and expectations (i.e. requirements) of these interested parties;
‐which of these needs and expectations become compliance obligations.
4.3Determining the scope of the environmental management system
The organization shall determine the boundaries and applicability of the environmental management system to establish its scope.
When determining this scope, the organization shall consider:
‐the external and internal issues referred to in 4.1;
‐the compliance obligation referred to in 4.2;
‐its organizational unit(s), function(s), and physical boundaries;
‐its activities, products and services;
‐its authority and ability to exercise control and influence.
Once the scope is defined, activities, products and services that can have significant environmental aspects (see 6.1.2) shall be included within the scope of the environmental management system.
The scope shall be maintained as documented information and be available to interested parties.
4.4 Environmental management system
The organization shall establish, implement, maintain and continually improve an environmental management system, including the processes needed and their interactions, in accordance with the requirements of this International Standard, to ensure its environmental performance.
The organization shall consider the knowledge of its context when establishing and maintaining the environmental management system.  4 组织环境
4.1 理解组织及其环境
组织应确定外部和内部那些与组织的宗旨、影响环境管理体系实现预期结果的能力的事项。这些事宜包括能够影响到组织或被组织影响的环境状况。
4.2  理解相关方的需求和期望
组织应确定：
‐与环境管理体系有关的相关方;
‐相关方的相关需求和期望（如要求）；
‐有合规义务的需求和期望
4.3  确定环境管理体系范围
组织应界定环境管理体系的边界和适用性，以确定其范围。
在确定环境管理体系范围时，组织应考虑：
‐标准 4.1 条款中提到的内部和外部事项；
‐标准 4.2 条款中合规义务；
‐组织的单元，功能和物理边界；
‐组织的活动，产品和服务；
‐组织施加其控制和影响的权限和能力。
一旦范围被确定，组织与重要环境因素有关的活动，产品和服务应纳入环境管理体系范围内。
该范围应形成文件化信息并可供相关方获取。 4.4  环境管理体系
组织应按本国际标准的要求建立，实施，保持和持续改进环境管理体系，包括所需的过程及其相互作用，以确保其环境绩效。
组织在建立和保持环境管理体系时，应考虑与其所处环境有关的知识。
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5 Leadership
5.1 Leadership and commitment
Top management shall demonstrate leadership and commitment with respect to the environmental management system by:
‐taking accountability of the effectiveness of the environmental management system;
‐ensuring that environmental policies and environmental objectives are established and are compatible with the strategic
direction and the context of the organization;
‐ensuring the integration of the environmental management system requirements into the organization’s business processes; ‐ensuring that the resources needed for the environmental management system are available;
‐communicating the importance of effective environmental management and of conforming to the environmental
management system requirements;
‐ensuring that the environmental management system achieves its intended outcome(s);
‐directing and supporting persons to contribute to the
effectiveness of the environmental management system;
‐promoting continual improvement；
‐supporting other relevant management roles to demonstrate their leadership as it applies to their areas of responsibility.
NOTE  Reference to “business” in this International Standard can be interpreted broadly to mean those activities that are core to the purposes of the organization’s existence.
5.2Environmental policy
Top management shall establish, implement and maintain  an environmental policy that, within the defined scope of its environmental management system:
a)is appropriate to
1)the purpose of the organization;
2)the organization’s context, including the nature, scale and
environmental impacts of its activities, products and services;
b)provides a framework for setting environmental objectives;
c)includes (a) commitment(s) to the protection of the environment,
including prevention of pollution and others specific to the
context of the organization;
NOTE Other specific commitment(s) to protect the environment can include sustainable resource use, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and protection of biodiversity and ecosystems, or other 5.  领导作用
5.1  领导作用与承诺
最高管理者应通过以下方面证实其在环境管理体系方面的领导作用与承诺：
‐对环境管理体系的有效性负责；
‐确保环境方针和环境目标得到建立，并与组织的战略方向和环境相匹配；
‐确保环境管理体系要求被整合进组织的业务流程；
‐确保可获得环境管理体系所需的资源；
‐传达有效的环境管理以及满足环境管理体系要求的重要性；
‐确保环境管理体系实现预期的结果；
‐指导和支持员工致力于环境管理体系的有效性；
‐促进持续改进；
‐支持其他相关的管理者在其负责的领域展现其领导作用。
注：在本国际标准中提到的“业务”可以泛解为对组织存在的目的而进行的核心活动。
5.2 环境方针
在其所确定的环境管理体系范围内，最高管理者应建立，实施并保持环境方针：
a) 与以下相适应
1）组织的宗旨；
2）组织的环境，包括性质，规模和其产品，活动和服务所造成的环境影响；
b) 提供制定环境目标的框架；
c) 包括对环境保护的承诺，涵盖污染预防和其他组
织所处环境有关的特定承诺。
注：其他特定的保护环境的承诺可以包括：资源的可持续使用，气候变化的减缓和适应行动，保护生物多样性和生态系统，或其他有关的环境事宜（参
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relevant environmental issues (see 4.1).
d)includes a commitment to conform to compliance obligations;
e)includes a commitment to continual improvement of the
environment management system to enhance environmental
performance.
The environmental policy shall:
a)be maintained as documented information;
b)be communicated within the organization, including persons doing
work under the organization’s control;
c)be available to interested parties.
5.3 Organizational roles, responsibilities and authorities
Top management shall ensure that the responsibilities and authorities for relevant roles are assigned, communicated within the organization to facilitate effective environmental management.
Top management shall assign the responsibility and authority for:
a)ensuring that the environmental management system conforms to
the requirements of this International Standard;
b)reporting on the performance of the environmental management
system, including environmental performance, to top
management.
6Planning
6.1Actions to address risks associated with threats and opportunities
6.1.1General
The organization shall plan and implement a process to meet the requirements in 6.1.
When planning for the environmental management system in 6.1 (i.e.
6.1.2‐6.1.4), the organization shall consider the issues referred to in 4.1 and the requirements referred to in 4.2.
The organization shall maintain documented information to the extent necessary to have confidence that the process has been carried out as planned.
6.1.2Significant environmental aspects
Within the defined scope of the environmental management system, the organization shall:  见条款4.1）
。
d) 包括一个对合规义务的承诺；
e) 一个持续改进环境管理体系以改进环境绩效的承
诺。
环境方针应：
a)  以文件化信息方式保持；
b)  在组织内包括在组织的控制下工作的人员中得到
沟通，；
c) 可为相关方所获取。
5.3  组织的作用、职责和权限
最高管理者应确保组织的相关作用、职责和权限作出明确规定并在组织内予以沟通，以促进有效的环境管理。
最高管理者应规定职责和权限以便：
a)  确保环境管理体系符合本国际标准的要求；
b)  向最高管理者报告环境管理体系的绩效，包括环
境绩效；
6  策划
6.1  针对风险和机会的应对措施
6.1.1 总则
组织应到策划和实施一个过程以满足条款6.1中的要求。
当策划条款6.1中（如6.1.2-6.1.4 ）环境管理体系时，组织应考虑标准条款4.1中事项和4.2中要求。
组织应保持必要的文件化信息，以确保该过程已按照策划得到了实施。
6.1.2 重要环境因素
在所确定的环境管理体系范围内，组织应：
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a)identify the environmental aspects and associated environmental
impacts of its activities, products and services that it can control
and those that it can influence, considering a life cycle
perspective;
b)take into account:
1) change, including planned or new developments and
new or modified activities, products and services;
2) identified abnormal and potential emergency situations.
The organization shall determine those aspects that have or can have a significant impact on the environment, i.e. significant environmental aspects.
The organization shall communicate its significant environmental aspects among the various levels and functions of the organization. The organization shall maintain documented information of its:
- criteria used to determine its significant environmental aspects; - environmental aspects and associated environmental impacts;
- significant environmental aspects.
NOTE  Significant environmental aspects can result in risk associated with either adverse environmental impacts (threats) or beneficial environmental impacts (opportunities).
6.1.3 Compliance obligations
The organization shall:
a)identify and have access to the compliance obligations related to
its environmental aspects;
b)determine how these compliance obligations apply to the
organization.
The organization shall maintain documented information of its compliance obligations.
NOTE  Compliance obligations can have the potential to result in risk associated with either adverse impacts (threats) or beneficial impacts (opportunities) to the organization.
6.1.4 Risk associated with threats and opportunities
The organization shall determine the risk associated with threats and opportunities that needs to be addressed to:
‐give assurance that the environmental management system can achieve its intended outcome(s);
‐prevent, or reduce, undesired effects, including the potential for external environmental conditions to affect the organization; a)考虑生命周期的观点，识别组织能控制和能施
加影响的活动，产品和服务中的环境因素及其环境影响；
b)考虑：
1）变化，包括已计划的，或新的开发，和新的或变更的活动，产品和服务；
2）识别异常和潜在的紧急情况。
组织应决定那些对环境具有或可能具有重要影响的因素，即重要环境因素。
组织应在其内部的各层次和功能上沟通其重要环境因素。
组织应对以下形成文件化信息：
- 用以确定其重要环境因素的准则；
- 环境因素及其相关的环境影响；
- 重要环境因素。
注： 重要环境因素可能导致与有害环境影响（危险）或者有益环境影响（机会）相关的风险。
6.1.3 合规义务
组织应：
a)识别并获取与其环境因素相关的合规义务；
b)确定这些合规义务怎样应用于组织。
spring framework表达式assign组织应将其合规义务形成文件化的信息。
注：合规义务可能会导致对组织的负面影响（危险）或者有益影响（机会）相关的风险。
6.1.4 风险和机会
组织应确定风险和机会以确保：
- 环境管理体系能实现其预期结果；
- 预防，或减少，非预期的影响，包括影响组织外部环境状况的可能性；
- 实现持续改进。
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‐achieve continual improvement.
The organization shall maintain documented information of the risk associated with threats and opportunities that needs to be addressed.
6.1.5 Planning to take action
The organization shall plan:
a)to take actions to address risks associated with threats and
opportunities (see 6.1.4), significant environmental aspects (see
6.1.2) and compliance obligations (see 6.1.3);
b)how to:
‐integrate and implement the actions into its environmental management system processes ;
‐evaluate the effectiveness of these actions.
6.2Environmental objectives and planning to achieve them
6.2.1 Environmental objectives
The organization shall establish environmental objectives at relevant functions and levels.
‐taking into account the organization’s significant environmental aspects and its compliance obligations;
‐Considering the risk associated with threats and opportunities.
When developing these objectives, the organization shall consider its technological options and financial, operational and business requirements.
The environmental objectives shall:
be consistent with the environmental policy;
a)be measurable (if practicable);
b)be monitored;
c)be communicated;
d)be updated as appropriate.
The organization shall retain documented information on the environmental objectives.
6.2.2 Planning actions to achieve environmental
When planning how to achieve its environmental objectives, the organization shall determine:
a)what will be done;
b)what resources will be required;
c)who will be responsible;
d)when it will be completed; 组织应将有威胁的风险和机会文件化。
6.1.5 拟采取措施的策划
组织应策划：
a)应对措施应对有威胁的风险和机会（参见条款
6.1.4），重要环境因素（参见条款6.1.2）和合
规义务（参见条款6.1.3 ）；
b)如何：
- 在环境管理体系过程中整合和实施这些措施；  - 评价这些措施的有效性。
6.2  环境目标并策划实现环境目标
6.2.1 环境目标
组织应在相关职能和层次上建立环境目标。
‐考虑组织的重要环境因素及其合规义务；
‐考虑与风险和机会。
当建立这些目标时，组织应考虑其技术选项和财务、运营和业务的要求。
环境目标应：
与环境方针保持一致；
a)可测量(如可行)；
b)得到监测；
c)得到沟通；
d)适当时予以更新。
组织应保持环境目标的文件化信息。
6.2.2 策划达成环境目标
在策划如何实现其环境目标时，组织应确定：
a)做什么；
b)需要哪些资源；
c)谁将负责；
d)何时完成；
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