位敦市阳光实验学校高三英语复习资料:语法专题(构词法)
高考对构词法的考察并不直接, 多在阅读完形中考察。课标对构词法提出了较高的要求, 为了适课标的要求, 全面扩大词汇量, 十分注重构词法的学习。学习构词法不盲目, 而遵循构词法的规律。事实证明, 高考试题中所涉及的构词法均是按规律形成的词。
典例精析:
1. At times ,worrying is a normal ,_______ response to a difficult event or situation ---a loved one being injured in an accident , for example .
A. effective B. individual C. inevitable D. unfavorable
解析: inevitable = that cannot be avoided ;that is sure to happen 不可避免的;必然发生的;effective 有效的;individual 个人的;unfavorable 不利的, 有害的;不赞成的。
2. Most people on this island are recreational fishers, and _____ , fishing forms an actual part of their leisure time .
A. accidentally B. purposefully C. obviously D. formally
解析:根据词意可以知道C为最佳选项。Accidentally 偶然地 purposefully 有目的地 obviously 明显地 formally 正式地
一、词的派生
1.在词跟上加前缀构成词
前缀 | 示例 |
a- | Amaze among amount amuse apart around ashamed |
be- | because behavior behind below beside belong |
de- | deride declare defeat definite delay demand describe |
dis- 不, 相对 相反 | dismiss disobey disturb disappointed discovery discouraged disable disagreement |
en- 使可能 | Encourage energetic enlarge |
elect-与电有关的 | electrical electronic |
in,(im-, ir- )不 , 非 | Impatient impossible independence indirect irregular |
inter- 相互 | International interruption interview |
mis-不良, 误, 不 | Misfortune misunderstanding mistaken |
re-重复, 再 | retell reunite reaction restore return reuse |
un-非, 不 | unboiled uncomfortable unrest unload unemployment |
tele-远程 | telegram telephone television telegraph |
non-不, 无非 | Nonsense nonsmoker nonstop non-violent |
micro-微 | microcomputer microphone |
trans-转变, 转移, 横越横过 | translate transplant transform |
over-横过, 在….之上 过多 , 过度 | overhead overlook overtake |
out-在外面的超越, 在上面超过 | Outdoors outline output |
under-低于, 不足 | undergo underground underwater |
2. 在词根上加后缀构成词
后缀 | 示例 | |
名 词 | -er 者 | swimmer viewer commander villager |
-an, -ian 精通….的人, ……地方的人 | American European technician musician | |
-ist 专业人员 | Violinist physicist scientist imperialist | |
-ese, ……地方的人 | Chinese Japanese | |
-ment 性质, 状态 | Government movement development | |
-ness 性质, 状态 | Business illness darkness | |
-or 器具, …..者 | Cooker professor | |
-tion 动作, 过程, 结果 | Pollution suggestion | |
形 容 词 | -al | Practical educational national |
-an | American Italian | |
-ern | southern northern | |
-ful 具有…的性质, 与…有关 | helpful useful careful | |
-ble | Reasonable horrible terrible | |
-ish | Foolish English | |
-live | active native expensive | |
-y | Rainy sleepy | |
-less | Careless useless | |
动词 | -ify 使…..化 | simplify electrify |
-ize 使……成为 | realize apologize | |
副 词 | -ward (s) | Backwards inwards upwards |
-ly表示方式、程度 | freely perfectly | |
-ward (s) 表示方向 | Towards forward | |
数 词 | -teen十 | Fifteen, thirteen |
-ty 整十位数 | twenty thirty | |
-th序数词 | Eighth hundredth | |
二、词的合成
词性 | 合成方法 | 示 例 |
合 成 形 容 词 | 形容词+名词+ed | warm-hearted ill-formed good-tempered |
形容词+现在分词 | good-looking fine-sounding | |
副词+现在分词 | hard-working far-reaching 深远的 | |
名词+现在分词 | peace-loving epoch-making 划时代的 | |
名词+过去分词 | horse-drawn 马拉的sun-burnt 晒黑的 | |
合 成 形 容 词 | 副词+过去分词 | newly-built wide-spread |
形容词+名词 | large-scale大规模的 long-term | |
名词+形容词 | duty-free免税的 radioactive | |
形容词+形容词 | red-hot 炽热的dark-blue 深蓝的 | |
数词+正则化英语名词+ed | three-l egged 三条腿的one-sided 片面的 | |
数词+名词 | three-year 的two-party 两的 | |
其他构成方式 | read-made现成的happy-go-lucky无忧无虑的 | |
三词的转换
变化方式 | 示 例 |
动词转化为名词, 这类动词变为名词后, 常跟have, make, take 词搭配表示一个动词 | have a look; make a study ;take a seat |
表具体实物的名词可转化为动词 | write a book, a drop of water book a ticket, water the tree |
表身体某的名词可转化为动词 | Take a child in one’s arms (胳膊) Be armed (武装) to the teeth. |
表示某类人的名词可转化为动词 | The nurse (护士) on duty is nursing (护理) the patient . |
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