免疫共沉淀实验原理及方法
免疫共沉淀(CoIP)概述及原理
免疫共沉淀(Co-Immunoprecipitation,CoIP)是研究蛋白-蛋白间相互作用的经典方法,属于免疫沉淀技术的一类,常被用于鉴定特定蛋白复合物的中未知蛋白组分。免疫共沉淀的设计理念是,假设一种已知蛋白是某个大的蛋白复合物的组成成员,那么利用这种蛋白的特异性抗体,就可能将整个蛋白复合物从溶液中“拉”下来(常说的“pull-down”),进而可以用于鉴定这个蛋白复合物中的其他未知成员。免疫共沉淀的特点可以概括为两点,第一是天然状态,第二是蛋白复合物。
免疫共沉淀的优势:
与其他研究蛋白质相互作用技术(如GST-Pull down、酵母双杂交等)相比,免疫共沉淀鉴定的相互作用蛋白是在细胞内与目的蛋白发生的天然结合,避免了人为的影响,因此符合体内实际情况,得到的蛋白可信度更高。
免疫共沉淀的局限性和注意事项:
1. 免疫共沉淀是建立在蛋白复合物成员间彼此紧密结合的基础上,意味着松散结合的蛋白组分很可能检测不到;
2. 由于蛋白质形成复合物以后,某些表位就会被掩盖,因此可能导致使用某一种pull-down抗体,无论怎么增加抗体浓度,也极少能将不到一半的目标蛋白复合物沉淀出来,如有必要最好使用多种不同抗体分别进行CoIP;
3. 由于检测的是天然状态,因此在不同的时间和不同的处理下,CoIP拉下来的蛋白复合物都可能是不同的,当然随着实验次数的增加,得到的蛋白复合物成员也会越来越庞大;
4. 如果使用Western Blot的方法检测的蛋白复合物中的目标蛋白,则需要在试验前进行预测,具有一定的冒险性;当然如果将蛋白复合物直接进行质谱分析就不存在上述问题,但需要得到较高纯度和浓度的蛋白复合物样品也非易事,并且成本较高;
5. CoIP鉴定得到的蛋白间相互作用可能是直接作用也可能是间接作用,进一步区分还需要进行GST-Pull down等实验检测;
6. 为了保证CoIP实验的可靠性和严谨性,需要使用复合物的不同成员分别独立进行CoIP实
验,并且结果应该能够彼此验证,因为原则上使用复合物的任一成员进行CoIP都会得到其他所有成员[1]
免疫共沉淀的一般操作流程(中英文对照):
1.用预冷的PBS洗涤细胞两次;
Carefully wash cultured cells with pre-chilled PBS for 2 times.
2. 加入预冷的RIPA裂解缓冲液(107细胞加入1ml);
Add in cold RIPA lysis buffer (1ml for 107cells).
3. 用预冷的细胞刮将细胞从培养介质上刮离,并转移到干净的1.5EP管中。并置于低速摇床,4℃scraper缓慢晃动15min;
Scrap cells off to clean 1.5ml eppendorf tubes with a clean, cold scraper. Put them on a low-speed rotating shaker for 15 min at 4°C.
4. 4℃,14000g离心15min,立即将上清转移到一个新的离心管中
Centrifuge at 14,000 g 4°C for 15min, transfer the supernatant to new tubes immediately.
5. 将Protein A/G-agarose微球用PBS 洗两遍,用PBS配制成50%的protein A/G-agarose工
Carefully wash cultured cells with pre-chilled PBS for 2 times.
2. 加入预冷的RIPA裂解缓冲液(107细胞加入1ml);
Add in cold RIPA lysis buffer (1ml for 107cells).
3. 用预冷的细胞刮将细胞从培养介质上刮离,并转移到干净的1.5EP管中。并置于低速摇床,4℃scraper缓慢晃动15min;
Scrap cells off to clean 1.5ml eppendorf tubes with a clean, cold scraper. Put them on a low-speed rotating shaker for 15 min at 4°C.
4. 4℃,14000g离心15min,立即将上清转移到一个新的离心管中
Centrifuge at 14,000 g 4°C for 15min, transfer the supernatant to new tubes immediately.
5. 将Protein A/G-agarose微球用PBS 洗两遍,用PBS配制成50%的protein A/G-agarose工
作液;
Wash protein A/G-agarose beads for 2 times with PBS and make a 50% protein A/G agarose working solution (in PBS)
6. 在样品中以每1ml中加100μl的比例,加入50%的Protein A/G agarose工作液。水平摇床4℃摇动10min(该步骤的目的是去除非特异性结合的蛋白)
Add in 50% protein A/G agarose with ratio of 100μl for a 1ml sample solution. Shake on horizontal shaker for 10min, 4°C (This step aims to eliminate non-specific binding proteins)
7. 4℃,14000g离心15min,将上清转移到一个新的离心管中,去除protein A/G-agraose微球;
Centrifuge 14,000g at 4°C for 15min, transfer the supernatant to new tubes and discard protein A/G-agraose beads
Wash protein A/G-agarose beads for 2 times with PBS and make a 50% protein A/G agarose working solution (in PBS)
6. 在样品中以每1ml中加100μl的比例,加入50%的Protein A/G agarose工作液。水平摇床4℃摇动10min(该步骤的目的是去除非特异性结合的蛋白)
Add in 50% protein A/G agarose with ratio of 100μl for a 1ml sample solution. Shake on horizontal shaker for 10min, 4°C (This step aims to eliminate non-specific binding proteins)
7. 4℃,14000g离心15min,将上清转移到一个新的离心管中,去除protein A/G-agraose微球;
Centrifuge 14,000g at 4°C for 15min, transfer the supernatant to new tubes and discard protein A/G-agraose beads
8. 使用BCA法或者其他方法测定总蛋白的浓度
Quantify total protein with BCA assay or other methods.
9. 用PBS将总蛋白稀释到1 μg/μl以降低裂解液中去垢剂的浓度。如果你觉得你的目的蛋白的浓度低了,你可以将总蛋白浓度提高到10 μg/μl(假设浓度够的话)
Dilute the total protein to 1μg/μl with PBS to decline the concentrations of detergents. If you feel the concentration of your target protein is low, you can dilute the total protein to 10μg/μl. (if it’s high enough)
10. 加入一定体积的一抗,至总体积约为500μl;
Add in appropriate amount of primary antibody to approximately 500μl total volume.
11. 用摇床缓慢摇动抗原抗体混合物,4℃过夜
Slowly shake antigen-antibody complex on rotating shaker at 4°C for overnight.
Quantify total protein with BCA assay or other methods.
9. 用PBS将总蛋白稀释到1 μg/μl以降低裂解液中去垢剂的浓度。如果你觉得你的目的蛋白的浓度低了,你可以将总蛋白浓度提高到10 μg/μl(假设浓度够的话)
Dilute the total protein to 1μg/μl with PBS to decline the concentrations of detergents. If you feel the concentration of your target protein is low, you can dilute the total protein to 10μg/μl. (if it’s high enough)
10. 加入一定体积的一抗,至总体积约为500μl;
Add in appropriate amount of primary antibody to approximately 500μl total volume.
11. 用摇床缓慢摇动抗原抗体混合物,4℃过夜
Slowly shake antigen-antibody complex on rotating shaker at 4°C for overnight.
注意:如果如果下游用于激酶或磷酸酶的酶活测定,则最好将11步改为室温孵育2h;
Note: if downstream experiment is enzyme activity assay for kinase or phosphatase, it’s better to change step 11 to a 2h incubation at room temperature.
12. 14000g离心5s,收集沉淀,并且用预冷的洗涤缓冲液(或者预冷的PBS)洗涤3遍(每次加入800μl)
Centrifuge 14,000g for 5s, keep the pellet and wash with pre-chilled washing buffer (or cold PBS) for 3 times. (800μl each)
13. (用合适体积的上样缓冲液重悬)收集上清,用于进一步的下游SDS-PAGE,western-blot或者质谱分析
Collect the supernatant to proceed to SDS-PAGE, western-blot, or mass spectra analysis.
注意:该CoIP操作步骤是将抗体先结合到Protein A/G-argarose微球上,然后再与抗原混合。相对其他方法,最终的得率较低,但避免了抗体共洗脱的问题。如果你希望获得高纯
Note: if downstream experiment is enzyme activity assay for kinase or phosphatase, it’s better to change step 11 to a 2h incubation at room temperature.
12. 14000g离心5s,收集沉淀,并且用预冷的洗涤缓冲液(或者预冷的PBS)洗涤3遍(每次加入800μl)
Centrifuge 14,000g for 5s, keep the pellet and wash with pre-chilled washing buffer (or cold PBS) for 3 times. (800μl each)
13. (用合适体积的上样缓冲液重悬)收集上清,用于进一步的下游SDS-PAGE,western-blot或者质谱分析
Collect the supernatant to proceed to SDS-PAGE, western-blot, or mass spectra analysis.
注意:该CoIP操作步骤是将抗体先结合到Protein A/G-argarose微球上,然后再与抗原混合。相对其他方法,最终的得率较低,但避免了抗体共洗脱的问题。如果你希望获得高纯
度的目的蛋白,而不考虑非特异性结合的话,你可以将抗体和蛋白样品在加入Protein A/G-argarose微球之前进行混合,这样最后抗体也会和目的蛋白一同被洗脱下来,从而可能会对western blot检测造成干扰。
Note: This Co-IP protocol is to bind antibody to the Protein A/G-argarose beads and then mix with the antigen. It gives lesser yield than the other one and avoids the problem of co-elution of antibodies. If you want to yield high purity of target protein regardless of non-specific binding, you can mix antibody with protein sample prior to addition of Protein A/G-agarose beads, thus in the end the antibodies are also co-eluted with target protein and interference might occurs in western blot detection.[2]
Note: This Co-IP protocol is to bind antibody to the Protein A/G-argarose beads and then mix with the antigen. It gives lesser yield than the other one and avoids the problem of co-elution of antibodies. If you want to yield high purity of target protein regardless of non-specific binding, you can mix antibody with protein sample prior to addition of Protein A/G-agarose beads, thus in the end the antibodies are also co-eluted with target protein and interference might occurs in western blot detection.[2]
参考资料:
1.1. Immunoprecipitation-wikipedia;
2.2. Co-Immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) Background&Protocol;
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