John-Donne
约翰-邓恩
The term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to name the work of the 17th–century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery is drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet’s beloved, with God, or with himself. Donne and his followers, due to the change of the taste, were rarely read during the 18th and early 19th centuries. However, the late 19th and early 20th centuries witnessed a renewed interesting in Donne and the other metaphysical poets. This new recognition has arisen from a realization of the seriousness of their art, an interest in their spirit of revolt , their realism, and other affinities with modern interests, as well as from the fact that they produced some fine poetry. T-S-Eliot, John Ransom, and Allen Tate are examples of moder
n poets who have been mostly affected by the metaphysical influence.
wxpython菜鸟教程  玄学派诗歌通常用来称呼17世纪那些受约翰-邓恩影响的作家写出来的作品。玄学派诗歌努力从传统的伊丽莎白爱情诗歌脱离出来。诗歌的体裁跟伊丽莎白或新古典时期的相比显得简洁了，都是模仿普通演讲的词汇和节奏韵律。诗中的意象都是从现实生活中提取的。内容大都是和于诗人的爱人、上帝或诗人自己相关的争论。邓恩和他的跟随者由于创作的风格改变，他们的作品在18和19世纪初很少有人问津。但在19世纪晚期和vim编辑器粘贴20世纪初，邓恩和其他玄学派诗歌作家的作品有了复苏的迹象。这种全新的认可是源于人们对他们努力写作的体会，对他们另类创作精神的兴趣，对他们的现实主义和其它类似的现代爱好，及所有他们创作好诗的因素。受到玄学派诗歌影响的现代诗人有T-S-android入门指南埃利奥特，约翰-兰塞姆和阿兰-塔特。
John Donne is the leading figure of the ‘metaphysical school’. His poetry gives a more inherently theatrical impression by exhibiting a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moods. The mode is dynamic rather than static, with ingenuity of speech, vividness of imagery and vitality of rhythms, w
hich shows a notable contrast to the other Elizabethan lyric poems which are pure, serene, tuneful, and smooth-running. The most striking feature of Donne’s poetry is its tang of reality, in the sense that it seems to reflect life in a real rather than a poetical world. Herbert, Vaughan, Crashaw, Marvell and Cowley are also considered to be metaphysical poets.
约翰-邓恩是玄学派诗歌的领军人物。他的诗歌给人一种固有的戏剧性，展示了看上去零散多样的经历与观念，以及漫无边际的情感与心境。他的诗歌风格在充满惟妙惟肖的语言、生动的意象和灵巧的节奏中，一点不沉静而像是跳跃的着的，这种风格相比伊丽莎白抒情诗的纯真、宁静、和谐和平稳节奏，它彰显了迥然不同。邓恩最吸引人之处在于它的现实性，它反映的像是真实的世界而不是一种诗境。赫伯特，沃恩，克拉肖，马维尔和考利也是属于玄学派诗人。
Donne was born into a prosperous merchant family. His early education was attended to by a private tutor; then he studied both at Oxford and Cambridge, but left without taking a degree because of his Roman Catholic background. In 1591, Donne began his legal studi常见的数据库软件有哪些
es at the Inns of Court of London, where he spent much of his time studying law, language, literature, and theology.
邓恩出生于富裕的商人家庭。他小时请了私人家庭教师，后来又上了牛津和剑桥，但是由于他的天主教身份没有取得任何学位就离开了大学。1591年，邓恩开始在伦敦的法学院学习，他在那里用了大部分时间学习法律、语言、文学和神学。
Upon completing his studies, Donne became private secretary to Sir Thomas Egerton, the eminent Lord keeper of the Great Seal. His great prospects of the worldly success were ruined by his secret marriage with lady Egerton’s niece, Ann More in 1601. For over ten years from then on, Donne had been working hard, fighting against poverty. Donne’s conversion to Anglicanism had no single date, rather it was a gradual process. In 1615, after a final attempt at secular preferment, John Donne entered the Anglican Church and took orders. Donne took his new vocation seriously and performed his holy duties exceptionally well, acquiring a great reputation as an impressive deliverer of insightful sermons. After his wife’s death in 1617, Donne wrote little secular poetry; instead, he dev
oted all his time and efforts to his priestly duties, writing sermons and religious poems. Donne was appointed the Dean of St. Paul’s in 1621 and kept that post until his death.
  在没有完成他的学业下，他成为了杰出的国玺掌权大臣托马斯-埃杰顿的私人秘书。他的光明仕途因为1601年与埃杰顿夫人的侄女安妮-莫尔的私下婚姻而断送了。从那时起10多年间，邓恩过得贫困潦倒。在一个缓慢的时间过程中，邓恩慢慢地皈依英国教会了。1615年，在最终的牧师任命中，邓恩成为了英国国教的牧师。邓恩全力以赴地从事他的新职业，他的神职也履行得很好，他也因他特有见解、令人印象深刻的布道而获得荣耀。endow with1617年他的妻子过世后，他开始写短篇的布道诗；从此，他把所有的时间和精力都奉献给了神职，写布道和宗教方面的诗歌。1621年邓恩被任命为圣-保罗教堂的院长，一直任职到他去世。
In his life, Donne wrote a large number of poems and prose works. Most of The Elegies and Satires and a good many of the Songs and sonnets were written in the early period. He wrote his prose works mainly in the later period. His sermons, which are very famous, reveal his spiritual devotion to God as a passionate preacher.
在他的一生中，邓恩写了大量的诗歌和散文。大部分的挽歌和讽刺诗和很多的歌曲和十四行诗都是在早期写的。他写的散文大都在晚期。他的布道诗很有名，作为一名激情四射的布道者他借此展示了献身于宗教的精神世界。
The Songs and Sonnets, by which Donne is probably best known, contains most of his early lyrics. Love is the basic theme. Donne holds that the nature of love is the union of soul and body. The operations of the soul depend on the body. The perfection of human lovers will not be made with souls alone. This thought is quite contrary to the medieval love idea which merely put stress on spiritual love. What is more, idealism and cynicism about love coexist in Donne’s love poetry. On the one hand, Donne, in love of his wife, finds the meaning and the infinite value of love; on the other hand, he is concerned with the change and death confronting human love. He sometimes expresses the futility and instability of love in his poems. In his gloomy poem ‘farewell to love’, we can see his disillusionment. When eulogizing a woman, Donne tells us very little about her physical beauty; the charms of rosy cheeks, and lips like cherry can not be seen in his lines. Instead, Donne’s interest lies in dramatizing and illustrating the state of been in love. This
is also distinctive from the Petrarchan sonneteers who paid so much attention to physical charms.
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邓恩最出名的可能是他的歌曲和十四行诗，也包括他早期的大部分抒情诗。爱情是主题。邓恩紧紧抓住爱情的本质是灵魂和身体的结合这个主题。灵魂要通过肉体来起作用。人类爱情的完美不会单靠精神独立存在的。这种想法跟中世纪那种只强调精神上的爱很不同。更进一步的是理想主义和愤世嫉俗都共存于邓恩的爱情诗里。一方面，邓恩在和他妻子的爱情中到了爱的方式和无尽的价值；另一方面，他关注人类面对爱情时的转移和死亡。他有时会在他的诗歌里说到爱情的徒劳和悲欢离合。在他的暗淡诗歌‘爱的告别’里，我们可以发现他这方面的醒悟。邓恩很少称赞女人面貌的美丽；迷人的美丽脸蛋，樱桃般的嘴唇在他的字行间根本看不到。邓恩只喜欢编写和描述爱情的细节。这也明显有别于比特拉克式的十四行诗中着重形容女子美貌的诗歌方式。
Donne’s chief power as a religious poet is shown in the Holy Sonnets and the best hymns. Only in A Hymn to God the Father do we find an assured faith; elsewhere there is always an element of conflict or doubt. The best of the Holy Sonnets express these struggles with unparalleled force.
邓恩在宗教诗歌方面的威名主要体现在《圣十四行诗》和一些最好的圣歌里面。只有在《给圣父的赞美歌》里我们才能发现他忠诚的宗教信仰。其它的只有矛盾和质疑的因素。《圣十四行诗》最好的地方在于它描述了各种犬牙交错的势力之间的冲突。
In his poetry, Donne frequently applies conceits, i.e. extended metaphors involving dramatic contrasts. His conceits may be divided into two kinds: easy ones and difficult ones. Easy conceits, found in all Elizabethan poetry with images concerning mythology and natural objects, are not a novelty; but the difficult ones rely largely on the choice of imagery. Donne’s images are linked with new resources such as law, psychology and philosophy which endow his poetry with learning and wit, which provide certain intellectual difficulties. By combining the easy conceits with the difficult ones, Donne achieves surprisingly effects in his poetry.

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