with的用法
with 的用法
1. 独立主格，表示伴随，所以必须修饰主谓宾结构，而非主系表结构。 独立主格三种形式： 1)一般形式（独立部分与主句部分无太多关联）n.+n.，n.+V-ed/v-ing，n.+介词短语/形容词短语
2)with形式（与主句主语有紧密的逻辑关系）：with+宾语+宾补，如：with+n.+v-ed/v-ing/介词短语/形容词短语 3)each形式（必须前面有复数名词）： each+v-ed/v-ing，each+介词短语/形容词短语，each+n.+介词短语
*：with型独立主格在GMAT中常常被判累赘。
With引导独立主格结构有修饰歧义--放在中间可修饰前者也可修饰后者。 Eg. 关于夹心修饰 (by aeoluseros)：
所以歧义修饰，是因为引发了不同的理解，而并不是语法上是否会有不同的修饰，所谓
夹心修饰也是这个原则。很多人对“夹心修饰”都有过一个误解，认为S, v-ing, V. + O.结构中，v-ing既可以往前修饰S，也可以往后修饰V就是夹心，而实际上夹心并不是“可以往前修饰S，也可以往后修饰V” 。在S, v-ing, V. + O.这样的表达中，v-ing约定俗成只伴随修饰动词，见下例：
prep 2-104 The yield per acre of coffee berries varies enormously, because a single tree, berries to make between one and twelve pounds of dried beans a year. 这个句子里depending不能改为dependent，因为depending和dependent的区别在于，前者伴随修饰谓语动词is able to produce，后者则是修饰名词single tree，会造成逻辑上不对 ―― “一棵树依靠它的size”。
with独立主格结构：
由“with ＋宾语＋宾补”构成的复合结构，在句中可作状语，表示伴随。这一结构中的宾语补足语可由现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副词或介词短语等来充当： Visitors to the park have often looked into the leafy canopy and seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging like socks on a clothesline.
Q16: PP73.
A. With no natural predators and expanses of green suburban neighborhoods that allow no hunting, wildlife officials estimate the New Jersey deer population to have
B. With no natural predators and with expanses of green suburban neighborhoods that do not
allow hunting, wildlife officials' estimate of the deer population in New Jersey has
C. With no natural predators and with expanses of green suburban neighborhoods where
there is no hunting, the deer population in New Jersey, wildlife officials estimate, has
D. Without natural predators and no hunting allowed in expanse of green suburban
neighborhoods, New Jersey has a deer population that wildlife officials estimate to have
E. Without natural predators and with expanses of green neighborhoods where there is no
hunting, wildlife officials in New Jersey estimate a deer population that has
170. (GWD21-Q12)
Birds known as honeyguides exhibit a unique pattern of behavior: the bird leads another animal, such as a honey-badger or a human, to a bees’ nest wax and bee larvae.
A. with their chattering when they fly
B. with chattering and its flying
C. by chattering as it flies
D. by chattering and its flying
E. by chattering as they are flying
题目释义：the bird leads sth , , to a bees’ nest by chattering as it flies
主语是the bird，谓语动词lead sth to some place, by+分词结构为方式状语，as引导时间状语从句。
考点：
指代一致，逻辑表达
1. with和by的区别：
(1) 做某事时通过什么方法或手段用by：do something by (doing) something。
(2) 表示使用有形工具时，通常用with来表示：write with a pen, see with naked eyes, strike with a hammar
(3) 作”用”讲时，by和with的区别在于：with表示行为动作的工具，后面的名词一般
要有冠词；by表示动作的手段，后面的名词一律不用冠词。
2. as和when引导的时间状语含义不同：
(1) as表示“当。时""一面。一面"，"随着"。具体用法如下：
1） 表示"当。时"、"和。同时"。常指从句的动作未结束，主句中的动
作就已发生。从句中多用表示动作的动词，而不用be动词或表示感觉、
理解、知道这类动词。
e.g. As he stood there, he saw two men enter the bar.
She dropped the glass as she stood up.
2） 用于平行的动作中，表示"一面。一面。"。常指一个主语同时进行
两个动作。
e.g. The students took notes as they listened.
3） 用于平行发展的结构中，表示"随着。"。常指一个行为是另一个行为
的结果，或一种状态随另一种状态变化。句中的动词多表示状态的发
展变化。
e.g. As the wind rose the noise increased.
As it grew darker it became colder.
As he grew older he became more confident.
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