汉语文言与现代英语句法结构的主要差异及其翻译
Syntactic Differences of Classical Chinese and Modern English
一、意合与形合 （parataxis vs. hypotaxis）
意合法（parataxis）是指词与句、句子与句子之间的组合往往在外部形态上没有明显的标记，而主要依靠意义上的关联来“粘合”；
形合法（hypotaxis）是指句子与词组合在外部形态上有明显的标记，当形态标记不充分的时候，还可用其他语法手段来显示词组、句子、句中各成分之间的相互关系。
由于汉英两种语言在句法结构上面的差别，因此，在汉语文言和现代汉语互译时，可根据实际情况分别采用意合法或形合法。
（一）采用形合法
由于汉语句式重意合，英语句式重形合，所以汉译英时许多具有意合特点的汉语句式有必要转换成具有形合特点的英语句式。翻译时不能像原文那样表述，否则就会显得支离破碎，句
子结构不完备或出现串句（run-on sentence）。
（二）采用意合法
形合法是英语的主要特征，但这并不意味着汉语的意合译成英语时统统都得用形合法。事实上，现代英语也具有某些形合的体征，只是这一特征不及汉语意合法那么显著而已。英语中的意合形式主要通过标点符号、省略的形式来达到。
儒有不金宝玉，而忠信以为宝；不祈土地，立义以为土地；不祈多积，多文以为富；难得而易禄也，易禄而难畜也。非时不见，不亦难得乎？非义不合，不亦难畜乎？先劳而后禄，不亦易禄乎？其近人而有如此者。
                                                      ——《礼记·儒行》
The scholar does not consider gold and jade to be treasures, butwidth的意思中文翻译 leal-heartedness and good faith; he does not desire lands and territory, but considers the establishment of righteousness as his domain; he does not desire a great accumulation of wealth, but looks on many accomplishments as his riches; it is difficult to win him, but easy to pay hi
m; it is easy to pay him, but difficult to retain him. As he will not show himself when the time is not proper for him to do so, is it not difficult to win him? As he will have no fellowship with what is not righteous, is it not difficult to retain him? As he must first do the work, and then take the pay, is it not easy to pay him? -–such are the conditions of his close association with others.
                                              --trans. by James Legge
leal:忠实的，真实的
riches：财富，财产
生乎吾前，其闻道也固先乎吾，吾从而师之；生乎吾后，其闻道也，亦先乎吾，吾从而师之。
                                                          ——韩愈《师说》
The men born before me surely know the truth before me, so I respect them as teachers,
whereas those born after me may also know the truth before me, I likewise respect them as teachers.
                                                  --谢百魁译
孟子曰：“民为贵，社稷次之，君为轻。”
                                            ——《孟子》
Mencius said, “The people are the most important element in a nation; the spirits of the land and grain (state) are the next; the sovereign is the lightest.”
It’s the people that should always come first, the state second, and the ruler, last.
二、动词优势与名词、介词、分词优势（verbs prominence vs. nouns, prepositions and participles prominence）
汉语动词没有什么形态变化，且重动态描写。汉语在表达一些较复杂的思想时往往借助动词，按时间顺序、逻辑顺序，逐步交代，层层展开，给人以舒缓明快的感觉。英语句子主
要采用主谓制。由于英语句子中的谓语动词受动词形态变化的约束，句子中只能有有一个谓语动词，谓语动词是句子的轴心，然后要借助名词来表达，而名词与名词之间的联系要借助介词来串联。另外，在汉语中多个动词在句子中一般具有同等重要的地位。但是，在英语中某些动词却要用分词来表示。所以英语是名词、介词和分词占主导地位的语言。在英译汉语文言时，要抓住句子的主要动词，其余动词用名词、介词和分词来处理。
晋太元中，武陵人捕鱼为业；缘溪行，忘路之远近。忽逢桃花林，夹岸数百步，中无杂树，芳草鲜美，落英缤纷，渔人甚异之，复前行，欲穷其林。
林尽其源，便得一山，山有小口，仿佛若有光，便舍船，从口入。初极狭，才通人。复行数十步，豁然开朗。土地平旷，屋舍俨然，有良田、美池、桑竹之属。阡陌交通。鸡犬相闻。其中往来种作，男女衣着，悉如外人。黄发垂髫，并怡然自得。
俨然：整齐。
夹岸：水流的两岸。
In the year of Taiyuan of the Jin Dynasty, there lived a man in Wuling Prefecture who earn
ed his living by fishing. One day, he rowed his boat along a stream, unaware of how far he had gone when all of a sudden, he found himself in the midst of a wood full of peach trees in blossom. The wood extended several hundred footsteps along both banks of the stream. There were no trees of other kinds. The fragrant grass was fresh and beautiful and peach patals fell in riotous（茂盛的） profusion （大量）. The fisherman was so curious that he rowed on, in hope of discovering where the trees ended.
At the end of the wood was the fountainhead of the stream. The fisherman beheld a hill, with a small opening from which issued a glimmer of light. He stepped ashore to explore the crevice （缺口）. His first steps took him into a passage that accommodated only the width of one person. After he progressed about scores of paces, it suddenly widened into an open field. The land was flat and spacious. There were houses arranged in good order with fertile fields, beautiful ponds, bamboo groves （树丛）, mulberry trees （桑树） and paths crisscrossing the fields in all directions. The crowing （鸣叫）of cocks and the barking of dogs were within hearing of each other. In the fields the villagers were busy with farm work. Men and women were dressed like people outside. They all, old and youn
g, appeared happy.
--罗经国译
One day in the Taiyuan period of the Jin Dynasty, a native of Wuling Prefecture, being a fisherman by trade, was boating in a stream. Oblivious （不注意的）of the distance that he had covered, he came upon a peach grove, which lined the banks of the stream for several hundred paces. The grove was unmixed with any other trees and was carpeted with fragrant and tender grass, while the newly opened blossom was a riot of pink. The fisherman much wondered and proceeded further, hoping to reach the end of the grove, which turned out to be the head of the stream. There he was confronted with a crag （峭壁）, which had a small orifice （小孔）looking as if it were lit by a dim light. Then he abandoned the boat and entered the opening.
At first the cave was very narrow, only passable for one person. After a further walk of several dozen paces, a broad view burst upon his sight. He saw an even and wide tract of land, on which some houses were arranged in good order, with fertile fields, beautiful pon
ds, mulberry trees and bamboos all around them. The fields were crisscrossed with ridged paths. The cocks and dogs heard and eachoed each other. The clothes worn by the men and women tilling （耕地）the land were identical with those of the outsiders. The aged and the adolescent all enjoyed themselves in blissful ease.

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