语⾔学chapter4习题
Chapter 4 Syntax
Multiple Choice
1. The sentence structure is ________.
A. only linear
B. only hierarchical
C. complex
D. both linear and hierarchical
2. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.
A. coordinator
B. particle
C. preposition
D. subordinator
3. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.
A. recursive
B. grammatical
C. social
D. functional
4. The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is __________.
A. the city
B. Rome
C. city
D. the city Rome
5. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to __________ construction.
A. endocentric
B. exocentric
C. subordinate
D. coordinate
6. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.” is a __________ sentence.
A. simple
B. coordinate
C. compound
D. complex
7. In the sentence “Mary gave a book to him”, “him” is with a(n) _________ case.
A. accusative
D. nominative
8. The relation between any two words in “What a nice day!” is known as ___________.
A. choice relation
B. paradigmatic relation
C. vertical relation
D. syntagmatic relation
9. __________is mostly a category of the noun and pronoun.
A. Gender
B. Tense
C. Aspect
D. Number
10. Paradigmatic relation is known as _______________.
A. horizontal relation
B. chain relation
C. choice relation
D. semantic relation
11. Which of the following phrases is exocentric?
A. a clever girl
B. an ugly man
C. in time
D. fork and knife
12. refers to the relations holding between elements replaceable with each at particular place in structure, or between one element present and the others absent.
A. Syntagmatic relation
B. Paradigmatic relation
C. Co-occurrence relation
D. Exocentric relation
13. ______ is a grammatical category used for the analysis of word classes displaying such contrasts as masculine: feminine: neuter, animate: inanimate, etc.
A. Case
B. Gender
C. Number
D. Category
14. Syntactically, English is an example of ________ language.
C. SOV
D. OSV
15. What is the construction of the sentence “The boy smiled”?
A. Exocentric
B. Endocentric
C. Coordinate
D. Subordinate
16. the relation between elements that form part of the same form, sequence, construction, etc. e.g between s, p and r in a form such as spring, or between a subject and a verb in constructions such Bill hunts is called .
A. syntagmatic relation
replaceableB. paradigmatic relation
C. positional relation
D. relation of substitutability
Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:
1. A __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.
2. A __________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.
3. A __________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.
4. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called __________.
5. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an __________ clause.
6. construction usually includes basic sentence, prepositional phrase, predicate (verb + object) construction, and connective (be complement) construction.
7. IC is the short form of immediate used in the study of syntax.
8. A sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as "and", "but", "or".
Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement.
1. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.
2. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.
3. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.
4. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.
5. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.
6. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words.
7. In the phrase “in the near future”, the word “future” is head.
8. Words like “actor”and “actress” manifest that grammatical gender strictly corresponds to biological gender.
9. Paradigmatic relation in syntax is alternatively called horizontal relation.
10.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture.”, and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.” belong to the same syntactic category.
Define the following terms
1. Syntax
2. IC analysis
Answer the following questions.
1.What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction? （武汉⼤学，2004）
2.Distinguish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers” by means of IC analysis. （北京第⼆外国
语⼤学，2004）
3. Suggest a tree diagram of the sentence The little girl ran into the garden. The student wrote a letter yesterday. Examine each of the following sentences and indicate if it is a simple, coordinate, complex or compound complex sentences:
（1）Jane did it because she was asked to.（2）The soldiers were warned to remain hidden and not to expose themselves.（3）David was never there, but his brother was. （4）She leads a tranquil life in the country. （5）Unless I hear from her, I won’t leave this town..
Draw on your linguistic knowledge of English and paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show how syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences:
（1）After a two-day debate, they finally decided on the helicopter.
（2）The little girl saw the big man with the telescope.
(3) The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.
(4) He saw young men and women present.

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