【新课标新高考】考点1 阅读理解—2022届高考英语一轮复习考点创新题拔高练
答题方法与技巧
1. 细节理解题
（1）题干定位，按图索骥。
细心审题，直接就题答案。先看文章后面的问题，注意题干中的关键词，如：人物、时间和事件等，做到有的放矢。根据题干中的标志性词语定位到原文，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，到与原文相符的选项，确定正确答案。快速寻信息点的策略一般适用于做功能型阅读题，主要形式有广告、公告、演出信息、航班时间表等。做这类题时，没有必要阅读全文，宜采用“题干定位法”解题。
（2）语义转换，变通理解。
变通理解，间接转述答案。有些细节题主要考查对某句话或某几句话的理解，很少直接用原文中的句子进行考查，题干通常会对这些句子进行语义转换，包括同义转换、概念解析、归纳事实等。如：
①同义改写：题干将原文中的词或短语换成另外的词或短语，词性和结构不变，意义相近。
②转变词性与结构：题干关键信息并不一定与原文中相关信息一致，而是作了一定的转化。如将名词词组转化为意义相近的动词或形容词等。
（3）查读分析，多点归纳。
多点归纳，综合事实答案。此方法适用于离散型细节理解题或数字计算题。根据题干要求，迅速到与之相关的事实或数据，对其进行分析整合，得出正确答案。文章中的数字、日期、时间都是设题的重点，此类题目的答案很少是文章中直接出现的数字或日期，通常需要作简单的计算。
图文转换类的题，即根据短文描述确定相应图形，或根据图形选出相应的文字答案。此类题可采用“文字锁定法”解题，即出描述图形的句段，按“文”索“图”，这样，便可迅速地锁定对应图形。
2.主旨大意题
（1）学会寻主题句
主题句所在的位置一般有四种情况：一是文首。有些文章先提出主题，接着围绕主题展开叙述。二是文末。有些文章在表述细节后，归纳要点，概括主题。此类文章往往以列举事实开头，最后归纳主题。三是文首和文末。有时为突出主题，作者会先点明主题，结尾时再次强调，但前后表述的句子不是简单的重复，后面的表述往往是对主题的进一步延伸和深化。四是文中。通常前面只提出问题，文章的主题由陈述的细节引出，而后又对其进行学会寻主题句一步的阐释。
（2）学会归纳概括
在没有明确的主题句时，考生必须根据文中所提供的事实和细节，进行全面考虑、综合分析，归纳出文章的主题。要灵活运用跳读、略读等技巧进行阅读，在这个过程中注意每段的段首和段尾，同时，还可利用信息词、标志词等提示进行概括。
（3）学会分析选项
在做主旨大意题时，考生不仅可以从文章出发概括出主题，也可以从选项反推出主题。要
多注意选项之间的比对。replaceable
3.推理判断题
（1）忠实原文
要注意一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知，遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原则。千万不能主观臆断、凭空想象，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。
（2）吃透文章
要吃透文章，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。考生可以根据文章中所阐述的细节，再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背景知识或常识来进行分析、推断，从而得出符合文章原意的结论。
（3）深层挖掘
要对文字的深层含义进行挖掘，由表及里，由浅入深，通过分析、判断进行合乎逻辑的推
理。
（4）理清思路
要把握文中句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构，同时还要把握文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，理清思路，悟出作者的言外之意。
4.词义猜测题
（1）利用构词法猜词义
构词法是英语单词形成的主要途径，根据构词法猜测词义一般比较接近单词的真实意思，准确度比较高。
（2）利用语法关系猜词义
利用语法关系猜测词义指利用语言表述中的举例子、下定义、同位语、标点符号、定语从句等进行词义猜测的方法。
（3）利用逻辑关系猜词义
语言表达总是按照一定的逻辑关系展开的，根据语言的内在逻辑关系往往可以粗略地推断出词义或大致义域。对我们猜测词义具有较大帮助的逻辑关系通常有并列、转折、因果等。
（4）利用上下文语境猜词义
在文章中，任何一个单词都不是孤立存在的，它总会和其他单词产生联系，通过这些联系可以猜测出单词或短语在文中的意思，尤其是代词的指代含义。
（5）利用生活常识和文化背景知识猜词义
练习：
一、
A cheap printed sensor could transmit wildfire warnings. Wildfires have recently destroyed regions across the world, and their gravity is increasing. Hoping to reduce harm, researchers led by Yapei Wang, a Chinese chemist of Renmin University, say they have developed an inexpensive sensor to detect such fires earlier with less effort.
Current detection methods rely heavily on human watchfulness, which can delay an effective response. Most wildfires are reported by the general public, and other alerts come from routine foot patrols and watchtower observers. Passing planes and satellites also occasionally spot something, but "the fire first appears on the ground," Wang says. "When you see the fire from the sky, it is too late."
The team says its new sensor can be placed near tree trunks' bases and send a wireless signal to a nearby receiver if there is a dramatic temperature increase. That heat also powers the sensor itself, without replacing batteries. The team printed the substances onto ordinary paper to create a sensor for just $ 0.40.
But improving coordination among the different agencies involved in firefighting is even more crucial to address, says Graham Kent, an earthquake expert at the University of Nevada, Reno, who was not part of the study. Kent is director of ALERT Wildfire, a network that uses cameras and crowd sourcing to watch for fires in California, Nevada and Oregon. "The whole way that you respond to a fire until it's put out is like a ballet," he
says. "You'd have to choreograph(设计)it just so, with resources precisely used at the right time and place and in the right order from detection to confirmation to assignment to extinguishment(熄灭). Fire detection is just step one."
Wang says his team's next steps are to extend the device's signal range beyond the current 100 meters, which can limit practical use, and to develop a protective shield for it. The transmitter's effectiveness, he notes, will also need to be examined in the field ahead.
1.What does the underlined word "gravity" in paragraph 1 probably mean?
A.Pull.    B.Extinction.    C.Popularity.    D.Severity.
2.What do we know about the sensor?
A.Its price remains high.
B.Its batteries are replaceable.
C.It can detect fires earlier and easier.   
D.It can reduce firefighters' pain.
3.What does Kent mean in paragraph 4?
A.Firefighting is easy but crucial.
B.Fire detection resources are rich.
C.Putting out a fire is an orderly activity.
D.Technology is the key to extinguishing a fire.
4.What's the plan for the new sensor according to Wang?
A.Improving and testing it.    B.Limiting its use and transmission.
C.Examing and reducing its signal range.    D.Getting it on the market ahead of time.
二、
Improvements to energy efficiency, such as LED lights, are seen by many authorities as a top priority for cutting carbon emissions. Yet a growing body of research suggests that a rebound effect could wipe out more than half of the savings from energy efficiency improvements, making the goals of the Paris Agreement on climate change even harder to hit.

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