⼀天⼀个Linux命令（30）：hdparm命令
⼀、简介
Linux下的hdparm（英⽂全称：hard disk parameters）命令，主要⽤来查看硬盘的相关信息或对硬盘进⾏测速、优化、修改硬盘相关参数设定。它提供了⼀个命令⾏的接⼝⽤于读取和设置IDE或SCSI硬盘参数。
若没有安装hdparm ，可以通过sudo yum install hdparm 来安装。
⼆、格式说明
hdparm  [options] ...[device]...
hdparm  [参数]...[设备]...
Options:
-a  Get/set fs readahead
-A  Get/set the drive look-ahead flag (0/1)
-b  Get/set bus state (0 == off, 1 == on, 2 == tristate)
-B  Set Advanced Power Management setting (1-255)
-c  Get/set IDE 32-bit IO setting
-C  Check drive power mode status
-d  Get/set using_dma flag
-D  Enable/disable drive defect management
-E  Set cd/dvd drive speed
-f  Flush buffer cache for device on exit
-F  Flush drive write cache
-g  Display drive geometry
-h  Display terse usage information
-
H  Read temperature from drive (Hitachi only)
-i  Display drive identification
-I  Detailed/current information directly from drive
-J  Get/set Western DIgital "Idle3" timeout for a WDC "Green" drive (DANGEROUS)
-k  Get/set keep_settings_over_reset flag (0/1)
linux登录命令-K  Set drive keep_features_over_reset flag (0/1)
-L  Set drive doorlock (0/1) (removable harddisks only)
-m  Get/set multiple sector count
-M  Get/set acoustic management (0-254, 128: quiet, 254: fast)
-n  Get/set ignore-write-errors flag (0/1)
-N  Get/set max visible number of sectors (HPA) (VERY DANGEROUS)
-
p  Set PIO mode on IDE interface chipset (0,1,2,3,4,...)
-P  Set drive prefetch count
-q  Change next setting quietly
-Q  Get/set DMA queue_depth (if supported)
-r  Get/set device readonly flag (DANGEROUS to set)
-R  Get/set device write-read-verify flag
-s  Set power-up in standby flag (0/1) (DANGEROUS)
-S  Set standby (spindown) timeout
-t  Perform device read timings
-T  Perform cache read timings
-u  Get/set unmaskirq flag (0/1)
-
U  Obsolete
-v  Use defaults; same as -acdgkmur for IDE drives
-V  Display program version and exit immediately
-w  Perform device reset (DANGEROUS)
-W  Get/set drive write-caching flag (0/1)
-x  Obsolete
-X  Set IDE xfer mode (DANGEROUS)
-y  Put drive in standby mode
-Y  Put drive to sleep
-z  Re-read partition table
-Z  Disable Seagate auto-powersaving mode
-
-dco-freeze      Freeze/lock current device configuration until next power cycle
--dco-identify    Read/dump device configuration identify data
--dco-restore    Reset device configuration back to factory defaults
--direct          Use O_DIRECT to bypass page cache for timings
--drq-hsm-error  Crash system with a "stuck DRQ" error (VERY DANGEROUS)
--fallocate      Create a file without writing data to disk
--fibmap          Show device extents (and fragmentation) for a file
--fwdownload            Download firmware file to drive (EXTREMELY DANGEROUS)
--fwdownload-mode3      Download firmware using min-size segments (EXTREMELY DANGEROUS)
--fwdownload-mode3-max  Download firmware using max-size segments (EXTREMELY DANGEROUS)
--fwdownload-mode7      Download firmware using a single segment (EXTREMELY DANGEROUS)
--idle-immediate  Idle drive immediately
--idle-unload    Idle immediately and unload heads
--Istdin          Read identify data from stdin as ASCII hex
--Istdout        Write identify data to stdout as ASCII hex
--make-bad-sector Deliberately corrupt a sector directly on the media (VERY DANGEROUS)
--offset          use with -t, to begin timings at given offset (in GiB) from start of drive
--prefer-ata12    Use 12-byte (instead of 16-byte) SAT commands when possible
--read-sector    Read and dump (in hex) a sector directly from the media
--repair-sector  Alias for the --write-sector option (VERY DANGEROUS)
--security-help  Display help for ATA security commands
--trim-sector-ranges        Tell SSD firmware to discard unneeded data sectors: lba:count ..
-
-trim-sector-ranges-stdin  Same as above, but reads lba:count pairs from stdin
--verbose        Display extra diagnostics from some commands
--write-sector    Repair/overwrite a (possibly bad) sector directly on the media (VERY DANGEROUS)
三、选项说明
-a<；快取分区>：设定读取⽂件时，预先存⼊块区的分区数，若不加上<；快取分区>选项，则显⽰⽬前的设定；
-A<0或1>：启动或关闭读取⽂件时的快取功能；
-c<I/O模式>：设定IDE32位I/O模式；
-C：检测IDE硬盘的电源管理模式；
-d<0或1>：设定磁盘的DMA模式；
-f：将内存缓冲区的数据写⼊硬盘，并清除缓冲区；
-g：显⽰硬盘的磁轨，磁头，磁区等参数；
-h：显⽰帮助；
-i：显⽰硬盘的硬件规格信息，这些信息是在开机时由硬盘本⾝所提供；
-I：直接读取硬盘所提供的硬件规格信息；
-k<0或1>：重设硬盘时，保留-dmu参数的设定；
-K<0或1>：重设硬盘时，保留-APSWXZ参数的设定；
-m<；磁区数>：设定硬盘多重分区存取的分区数；
-n<0或1>：忽略硬盘写⼊时所发⽣的错误；
-p<PIO模式>：设定硬盘的PIO模式；
-P<；磁区数>：设定硬盘内部快取的分区数；
-q：在执⾏后续的参数时，不在屏幕上显⽰任何信息；
-r<0或1>：设定硬盘的读写模式；
-
S<；时间>：设定硬盘进⼊省电模式前的等待时间；
-t；评估硬盘的读取效率；
-T：评估硬盘缓存的读取速度；
-u<0或1>：在硬盘存取时，允许其他中断要求同时执⾏；
-v：显⽰硬盘的相关设定；
-w<0或1>：设定硬盘的写⼊快取；
-X<；传输模式>：设定硬盘的传输模式；
-y：使IDE硬盘进⼊省电模式；
-Y：使IDE硬盘进⼊睡眠模式；
-Z：关闭某些Seagate硬盘的⾃动省电功能。
四、命令功能
⽤来查看硬盘的相关信息或对硬盘进⾏测速、优化、修改硬盘相关参数设定。
五、常见⽤法
5.1 显⽰硬盘的相关设置
# hdparm /dev/vda
/dev/vda:
HDIO_DRIVE_CMD(identify) failed: Inappropriate ioctl for device
readonly      =  0 (off)
readahead    = 8192 (on)
geometry      = 104025/16/63, sectors = 104857600, start = 0
5.2 显⽰硬盘的柱⾯、磁头、扇区数
# hdparm -g /dev/vda
/
dev/vda:
geometry      = 104025/16/63, sectors = 104857600, start = 0
#其中：
geometry = 104025［柱⾯数］/16［磁头数］/63［扇区数］, sectors = 104857600［总扇区数］, start = 0［起始扇区数］5.3 评估硬盘的读取效率
# hdparm -t /dev/vda
/dev/vda:
Timing buffered disk reads: 290 MB in  3.15 seconds =  92.08 MB/sec
5.4 评估硬盘缓存的读取速度
# hdparm -T /dev/vda
/dev/vda:
Timing cached reads:  20508 MB in  2.00 seconds = 10267.18 MB/sec
5.5 检测硬盘的电源管理模式
# hdparm -C /dev/vda
/dev/vda:
drive state is:  unknown
5.6 查看并设置硬盘多重扇区存取的扇区数，以增进硬盘的存取效率#查看
# hdparm -m /dev/vda
#设置
# hdparm -m 8 /dev/vda
5.7 读取硬盘所提供的硬件规格信息
#hdparm -I /dev/vda
5.8 将内存缓冲区的数据写⼊硬盘，并清空缓冲区
# hdparm -f /dev/vda

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