莎士比亚十四行诗第十八首的英文评论和赏析
◎ 莎士比亚十四行诗第18首  ◇ 曹明伦 译  18 18
我是否可以把你比喻成夏天？ Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
虽然你比夏天更可爱更温和： Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
狂风会使五月娇蕾红消香断， Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
夏天拥有的时日也转瞬即过； And summer's lease hath all too short a date:
有时天空之巨眼目光太炽热， Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
它金灿灿的面也常被遮暗； And often is his gold complexion dimmed,
而千芳万艳都终将凋零飘落， And every fair from fair sometime declines,
被时运天道之更替剥尽红颜； By chance, or nature's changing course untrimmed:
但你永恒的夏天将没有止尽， But thy eternal summer shall not fade,
你所拥有的美貌也不会消失， Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,
死神终难夸口你游荡于死荫， Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade,
当你在不朽的诗中永葆盛时； When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st,
只要有人类生存，或人有眼睛， So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,
我的诗就会流传并赋予你生命。 So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
注：第11行语出《旧约·诗篇》第23篇第4节：“虽然我穿行于死荫之幽谷，但我不怕罹祸，因为你与我同在……”  英文赏析：
This is one of the most famous of all the sonnets, justifiably so. But it would be a mistake to take it entirely in isolation, for it links in with so many of the other sonnets through the themes of the descriptive power of verse; the ability of the poet to depict the fair youth adequately, or not; and the immortality conveyed through being hymned in these 'eternal lines'. It is noticeable that here the poet is full of confidence that his verse will live as long
as there are people drawing breath upon the earth, whereas later he apologises for his poor wit and his humble lines which are inadequate to encompass all the youth's excellence. Now, perhaps in the early days of his love, there is no such self-doubt and the eternal summer of the youth is preserved forever in the poet's lines. The poem also works at a rather curious level of achieving its objective through dispraise. The summer's day is found to be lacking in so many respects (too short, too hot, too rough, sometimes too dingy), but curiously enough one is left with the abiding impression that 'the lovely boy' is in fact like a summer's day at its best, fair, warm, sunny, temperate, one of the darling buds of May, and that all his beauty has been wonderfully highlighted by the comparison。
这是整体赏析  1. Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
This is taken usually to mean 'What if I were to compare thee etc?' The stock comparisons of the loved one to all the beauteous things in nature hover in the background throughout. One also remembers Wordsworth's lines:
We'll talk of sunshine and of song,  And summer days when we were young,
Sweet childish days which were as long  As twenty days are now.
Such reminiscences are indeed anachronistic, but with the recurrence of words such as 'summer', 'days', 'song', 'sweet', it is not difficult to see the permeating influence of the Sonnets on Wordsworth's verse.
2. Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
The youth's beauty is more perfect than the beauty of a summer day. more temperate - more gentle, more restrained, whereas the summer's day might have violent excesses in store, such as are about to be described.
3. Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
May was a summer month in Shakespeare's time, because the calendar in use lagged behind the true sidereal calendar by at least a fortnight.
darling buds of May - the beautiful, much loved buds of the early summer; favourite flowers.
4. And summer's lease hath all too short a date:
Legal terminology. The summer holds a lease on part of the year, but the lease is too short, and has an early termination (date).
5. Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
Sometime = on occasion, sometimes;  the eye of heaven = the sun.
6. And often is his gold complexion dimmed,
his gold complexion = his (the sun's) golden face. It would be dimmed by clouds and on overcast days generally.
7. And every fair from fair sometime declines,
All beautiful things (every fair) occasionally become inferior in comparison with their essential previous state of beauty (from fair). They all decline from perfection.
comparisons
8. By chance, or nature's changing course untrimmed:
By chance accidents, or by the fluctuating tides of nature, which are not subject to control, nature's changing course untrimmed.
untrimmed - this can refer to the ballast (trimming) on a ship which keeps it stable; or to a lack of ornament and decoration. The greater difficulty however is to decide which noun this adjectival participle should modify. Does it refer to nature, or chance, or every fair in the line above, or to the effect of nature's changing course? KDJ adds a comma after course, which probably has the effect of directing the word towards all possible antecedents. She points out that nature's changing course could refer to women's monthly courses, or menstruation, in which case every fair in the previous line would refer to every fair woman, with the implication that the youth is free of this cyclical curse, and is therefore more perfect.

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