独立主格结构
一、概述
独立主格结构又叫独立结构(absolute construction),由名词/主格代词+ 现在分词(或过去分词、不定式、名词、形容词、副词、介词短语)构成。在语法上是一个独立的短语,不是句子,在意思上依附于整个句子。具有以下特点:
(1)在句子中作状语,表示时间、原因、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况。
(2)可置于句首,也可放在句尾。
(3)主要用于书面语。
(4)它的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同,不指同一人或同一物。
(5)be动词在独立主格结构中一般转化为being。
二、独立主格结构的构成
1.名词/主格代词+现在分词 (表示主动含义和动作正在进行)
名词/主格代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作的执行者,与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
① Weather permitting (= If time permits),we are going to visit you tomorrow.
天气许可的话,我们明天去看你。 (表示条件)
② Spring coming on (= When spring came on), the trees turned green.春天来了,树木绿油油的。(表示时间)
注意:
(1)如果该结构表示的动作先发生,则用“名词/主格代词+having done”,含义为“……已经……”。例如:
The students having finished their homework (= After the students finished their homework), we went home. 学生做完家庭作业后,我们回家了。
(2)如果该结构表示“……正在被……”,则用“名词/主格代词+being done”, being不能省略。例如:
Food being cooked (= When food was being cooked), I fell asleep.
当食物正在被烹饪的时候,我睡着了。
2.名词/主格代词+过去分词 (表示被动含义和动作的完成)
名词/主格代词通常为过去分词所表示的动作的承受者,与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表关系。
① The signal given (= After the signal was given), the bus started.
发出信号后,汽车开始前进。(表示时间)
② Their strength exhausted (= Because their strength was exhausted), they sank down one by one.
他们精疲力竭,一个接一个倒下了。(表示原因)
③ All things considered (= If all things are considered), her suggestion is of greater value than yours.
若全面考虑,她的建议比你的建议有价值。(表示条件)
④ He sat silently, eyes closed (= and his eyes were closed) .
他静静地坐着,双眼紧闭。(表示伴随状况或方式)
注意:如果要明确时间上的先后顺序,该结构有时可以用“名词/主格代词+having been done”的形式,含义为“……已经被……”。但是having been可以省略,因为过去分词本身就表示动作完成。例如:
The work having been finished (= After the work was finished), he left the workshop.
工作完成以后,他离开了车间。
3.名词/主格代词+不定式 (表示将来含义)
(1) 名词/主格代词是不定式所表示的动作的执行者,与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系,此时不定式用主动形式。
① The teacher to help us (= If the teacher to help us), we will succeed.
有老师的帮助,我们就能成功。(表示条件和将来含义)
② He invited us to see a film, he himself to buy the tickets (= and he himself bought the tickets).
他请我们看了一场电影,他自己买的票。(表示补充说明和过去含义)
(2) 如果名词/主格代词与不定式构成被动关系, 此时不定式用被动形式(to be done)。
The meeting to be held tomorrow (= Because the meeting is to be held tomorrow),we must catch the first bus. 因为会议明天要被召开,所以我们必须赶上第一班汽车。(表示原因)
blond4.名词/主格代词+形容词/副词 (表示状态或特征)
形容词/副词常用来说明名词或主格代词的性质特征及所处状态。在该结构中,形容词或副词前其实省略了being。
① Everything (being) ready (= When everything was ready), they started out.
一切准备停当,他们开始出发。(表示时间)
② The children were making a snowman, hands (being) red with cold. (= and their hands were red with cold)
孩子们在对雪人,手都冻红了。(表示伴随状况)
③ The meeting (being) over (= When the meeting was over), the students were dismissed.
会议结束,学生们解散了。(表示时间)
④ The boy looked at the beautiful picture, eyes (being) wide open(= and his eyes were wide open).
这个孩子看着这幅美丽的图画,眼睛睁得大大的。(表示伴随状况)(wide: adv 完全地)
5.名词/主格代词 + 介词短语(表示状态或特征)
介词短语常用来说明名词或主格代词的特征或所处的状态。
1The old man sat in the chair, book in hand and pipe in mouth (= and a book was in his hand and a pipe was in his mouth). 老人坐在椅子上,手里拿着书,嘴里叼着烟斗。(表示伴随状况)
2The old farmer came back, a large basket on his shoulder (= and a large basket was on his shoulder). 老农回来,一个大筐扛在肩上。(表示伴随状况)
注意:在该结构中,介词前后的名词前都可以加上限定词,也可以都不加。不加限定词时,介词前后的名词一般用单数形式。例如:
He entered the classroom, hat on head. 他进入教室,帽子戴在头上。
6.名词或主格代词+名词
在这种结构中,独立主格结构中的名词与前面的名词或代词之间在逻辑上有主系表关系,在句子中主要作伴随、原因等状语或作进一步说明。此结构也可写成:名词或代词+ being +名词,其中being是非谓语(系)动词,往往省略,但being的逻辑主语是人称代词it等时,being不能省略。名词的逻辑主语为人称代词时,应用主格形式。
1He fought against the thief, a stick (being) his only weapon (= and a stick was his only weapon).
他和这个贼打斗,一根棍子是他唯一的武器。
2He has translated the whole book into English, an English-Chinese dictionary (being) his tool.
(=and an English-Chinese dictionary was his tool.)
用一本英汉字典作工具,他把整本书翻译成了英语。
③ It being Sunday (=As it was Sunday), I didn’t go to school.(句中的being不能省略)
因为是星期天,我没有上课。
三、其他形式的独立主格结构
1.It形式的独立结构(表示自然现象、时间、距离或环境状况等)
It being Monday, the library is closed.
It being spring, many kinds of flowers come out.
2.倒装结构(即在独立结构中,逻辑主语在后)
(1) there being形式(含义为“有……”, being不能省略)
① There being no bus, we had to go home on foot. 没有汽车,我们只好步行回家。
② There being lots of work to do, we can’t give you a hand. 有很多工作要做,我们无法帮助你。
(2) such being形式
① Such being the case, she had nothing to say. 情况就这样,她没有什么要说。
② Such being the fact, he had to admit his mistake. 事实如此, 他只好承认他的错误。
(3) 介词短语形式
In the sand being the mark of a man’s foot, Crusoe stared at it, full of fear.
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