9
8 7
5
6
4
3
21
ill. 31:
example of construction
elements for a case with
wooden board cladding
key to numbers used in ill. 31
1 transversal runners    6 diagonals
2 longitudinal runners 7 top cross boards
3 bottom boards 8 battens
4 header joists 9 lid/ sawn timber
5 sawn timber cladding between battens and lid:
additional protective layer made from
double sided board or film plus hard
fibre board
The following principles must be respected:
The bottom has to be provided with the necessary means for  •  later lifting by crane or stackers, bearing in mind the subse-  quent centre of gravity of the packaged goods Ill. 34 – Ill.36).Packaging goods must principally be firmly fastened to the bot- •  tom of the case. The goods must be fastened with bolts and  screws all the way through the bottom. Where cases have run-  ners, the bolts must be screwed through these (Ill.37 and Ill.38).If direct screwing or bolting onto the bottom is impossible,  •  additional solidly screwed-on frames, cross or longitudinal  bars, cleats or similar devices must be affixed to cope with  horizontal loads (Ill.39).
The mass of the packaging good or net mass must be distri- •  buted evenly over the surface of the bottom. If the standing or  resting area of the packaging good is inferior to its maximum  length and/or width dimensions, additional and suitable sup-  ports must be provided for with the construction (Ill.40). It must  be ensured that all forces are transferred into the load points of  attack (ill.41).
When packaging heavyweight loads, the bottom must be pro- •  vided with additional square cross bars on the inside of the  end wall panels. Their screws or bolts must be fully screwed  through the longitudinal runners. (Recommendation  for loads
exceeding 10kN or 1000 kg gross mass) Ill.42.
The bottoms of cases and crates of construction types B1 –  •  B3 must be provided with at least two load-bearing longitudi-  nal cross bars or runners.
The distance between runners must not exceed 100 cm approx.• Unless no specific rules for fastening the packaging goods to  •  the runners must be met, the number of runners should be
chosen according to the following table:
1
2
34
key to the above illustration 32:1 transversal runners    3 header joists 2
longitudinal runners
4 botttom boards
To enable lifting for stacking and crane handling purposes of cases and crates provided with runners of construction types B1 – B3, addi-tional longitudinal runners (see ill.36) or  cross bars (see ill. 26) should be provided as secondary runners or fastening points for ropes and cables.
Unless special transport conditions require tow ability of packaged goods (in which case runners must be chamfered), the choice of se-condary runners should favour squared cross bars.
Rope and cable fastenings battens must be shortened in relation to the length of the runners and according to the centre of gravity and resting points of the packaged goods on the bottom. With a central point of gravity and even weight distribution on the bottom, the faste-ning points should be approx. 1/5th of the runner length away from the end walls.
The opening requirement for entry of stacking machines is indepen-dent of the weight and must always measure 10 cm.
The provision of rope/cable fastening battens must not hinder forklift entry and can correspond to the dimensions in the following illustra-tion no. 33:
gross weight up to 3000 kg  min.400mm
min.500mm
min.600
mm
min.600mm
min.500mm
min.400mm
max.800mm
max.1200mm
max.1600mm
gross weight up to 10.000 kg G gross weight over 10.000 kg
A
max. 100 cm
300300
securing
800 – 1600
nach Bruttomasse
Examples for securing the packaging goods (Ill.37 and 38):

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