高中英语词语辨析(十二)
discover与invent
这两个词都是动词,都指人们首先见到的新鲜事物而言,但涵义有异。
Discover指初次看见本来已存在但以前未被发现的事物(to find out something existing but not yet known),故作“发现”解。如: 
Columbus discovered America but he did not explore the new continent.
哥伦布发现了美洲,可是他没有去探索这个新大陆。
Modern astronomers have discovered a million such galaxies.
现代的天文学家已发现了一百万类似的星。
The circulation of blood was discovered by Harvey.
血液循环是哈维发现的。
Invent是指创造前所未有的事物(to create or design something not existing before),故作“发明”解。例:
Edison invented the electric light bulb.
爱迪生发明了电灯泡。 
A new-type stethoscope has yet to be invented.
新型的听诊器有待发明。
有时候,invent还可作“捏造”解。例:
Don't you know a lie is always invented?
谎言总是捏造出来的,难道你不知道吗?
We must invent an excuse for being late.
我们必须编造一个迟到的理由。
Discover的名词是 discovery;invent的名词是invention。“发现者”是 discoverer;“发明家”是inventor。
下面是discovery和invention的例句,从中可以看出,它们之间的涵义区别和动词相同:
Columbus's discovery was at first misunderstood.
The invention of calculating machines led to the invention of computers.
discreet与discrete
这一组词的读音相同,拼法相近,又都是形容词故很易混淆。
Discreet的意思是“(言行)谨慎的”、“慎重的”“有判断力的”(not saying too much;showing good sense and judgment),它的名词是 discretion。例: 
The action he takes is far from discreet.
他所采取的行动很不谨慎。
You must show more discretion in choosing your friends.
你在选择朋友时要谨慎些。
反义词是鲁莽:indiscreet(形容词)及 indiscretion (名词)。
Discrete的意思是“分离的”、“不联络的”、“各异的”(separate,disjoined or individually distinct)。它的名词是 discreteness。例:
This proposition contains two discrete parts.
这个建议由两个不同的部分组成。
Our company is made up of many small,discrete units.
我们的公司由许多小的各自分立的单位组成。
distinct与distinctive
这一对词都是形容词,拼法也相近,但涵义不同。
Distinct的意思是“分明的”、“明了的”、“清楚的”(well-marked,clearly defined or easily discernible)。例:
The photo you took in Hong Kong Cultural Centre is not distinct enough.
你在香港文化中心拍的那张照片不够清晰。
She has a distinct pronunciation.
她的发音清楚。
There is a distinct smell of smoke in my room.
我的房间里有一股明显的香烟味。 
有时候,distinct还可用以表示“不同的”、“有区别的”意味。如:
This picture is distinct from that.
这幅图和那幅不同。
The twins have distinct personalities.
这对双胞胎的个性并不相同。
Distinctive的意思是“表示差别的”、“有特的”、“特殊的”(marking or showing a difference)。例如:
Can you find the distinctive watermarks of this stamp?
你能到这枚邮票上有明显的水纹吗?
Pupils in Hong Kong usually have distinctive badges on their school uniforms.
在香港,小学生的校服上常戴有颇具特的徽章。
现将distinct和distinctive用在一个句子里,以便区分:
One of the distinctive features of this book is its distinct illustrations.
本书的特点之一就是具清楚明了的图解。
due to与owing to
这一对词组都表示“因为”、“由于”之意,但用法和使用场合有所不同。
在标准英语里,due to只能用以引导形容词短语,不可引导副词短语。例如:
Our delay was due to heavy traffic. 
Mistakes due to carelessness may have serious consequences.
在第一例中,due to引导的短语在句中作表语,用在 verb“to be”之后;在第二例中,due to引导的短语作定语,修饰前面的主语mistakes。主张语言纯正者(purists)认为,due to不能引导副词短语,因此,下列句中的 due to应改为 owing to或 because of:
Due to ill health,he could not attend the meeting
由于健康不佳,他不能参加会议。
事实上,在现代英语中,due to也经常用以引导副词短语,下面数句均摘自英美刊物:
Due to the weather,the flight was cancelled.
He failed due to carelessness.
The population of Pennsylvania increased from 50,000 in 1730 to more than 200,000 in 1763,due in large part to the thousands of Scotch-Irish.
…in America,where women began to predominate from pioneer times,due to their scarcity and greater demands.
Owing to如同 because of或 on account of一样,是个介词,只能引导副词短语。例:
Owing to the rain,they could not come. 
由于下雨,他们不能来了。
Owing to a traffic hold-up,I missed my flight.
由于交通堵塞,我赶不上航班。
The project fell through because of poor planning.
工程告吹是因为缺乏周详策划。
The university faced a cost overrun on account of miscalculation.
大学经费超支是因为预计错误。
上面提过,在今日英语中,以上的 owing to/because of/on account of都可以用due to代替。
during与for
distinct和distinctive介词for引导时间状语时,很易和during混淆不清。它们的区别如下:
(一)during用在已知的时期、节日或表示时间观念的名词之前,其后通常接the、this、that、these、those、my、your、his……等词。例:
during the last four days(the spring of 1995)
during the winter(war,economic crisis of 1929)
during that time(the course of the play)
during my holidays(summer vacation)
during her absence(interview)
during our stay in Japan(their visit here)
而for则用以表示“有限的”或“无限的”时间概念,通常其后接冠词、数词,复数名词或副词ever。例如:
for the first time(a time,a while)
for a couple of weeks(days) 
for two months(weeks)
for many years(generations)
for years(months)
for ever(ages)
(二)during的涵义是“当……之际”,它既可指某个动作在某个时期里连续不断地进行,也可以指某个动作在这段时期里的某个时间发生。如:
He was sick for a week and during that week he was placed in an infirmary.

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