关系分句-—定语从句
简介:关系分句即定语从句,就是由关系词引导得分句结构。这种分句得主要功能就是作名词修饰语(即定语)。
依据定语从句与先行项得语义关系:1、限制性定语从句
2、非限制性定语从句
热身体验:
1、限制性定语从句:缺少定语,作为先行项得名词便不能明确表示其所指对象。
例如: He is the boy who damagedthevase、
2、非限制性定语从句:省略定语,先行项所指意义不受影响。
例如:Mycousin,who isan engineer,went to Europe last week、
限制性定语从句
1、限制性定语从句在口语中前后没有停顿,在书写中通常不用逗号。例如
Theman who didthe robbery has been caught、
Thechair (which)i satwas a brokenone、
Can youshow me thehouse where Shakespeareonce lived?
The reason why i wasalone in the mountains is that i hadadifficulty with my guide、
2、限制性定语从句通常出现在下列搭配中:
2、1、当名词中心词带有表示类别得不定冠词时,其后得定语从句通常为限制性定语从句。
Shewas awoman who mustbetreated decently、
He spoke tome in a tone whichidon’t atalllike、
2、2、当名词中心词带有前照应定冠词时,其后得定语从句也必定就是限制性得。例如:He isthe man who told methenews
This is thecaribought last year、
2、3、当名词中心词带有all,any,some,every, no 等不定限定词时,其后得定语从句也通常就是限定性得.例如:
Thefirst flame fromRainbarrowspranginto thesky,attractin galleyes thathadbeen fixed on the distant conflagration、
Any man who smokes cigarettes is,thedoctorssay,risking his health、
Some friendsthati made in colleges were more interestedin grades th an inlearning、
He has read almostevery book on linguisticsthat he could get hold of in the library、
No visitorswho e to Beijingwould fail to see theGreat Wall、
非限定性定语从句
1、这种定语从句在口语中有停顿,在书写中常用逗号隔开.引导词通常就是who,whom,whose与which等wh-词,但也并不绝对排除that.例如:The chairman, who spoke first,sat on my right、
His speech, which bored everyone,went onand on、
The chairman’sdaughter, whose name is Ann,gaveme apatientsmile、
She isdevilishlikeMiss Cutter,that i usedto meetatDumdum、
2、关系副词where与when也能引导非限定性定语从句。例如:
Many ofour Welsh peopleare going to settlein North Carolina,wherelandis cheap、
I'mseeing the managertomorrow,when he willbe backfrom New York、
3、从语义得角度瞧,非限制性定语从句起着状语分句得作用,表示原因、目得、结果、条件、让步等意义。例如:
Itis inlinewiththeCharter,which recognizes the value of regional effortstosolveproblemsand settle disputes、(这里得which、、、相当于forit、、、或asit、、、得意思,表示原因。)
Chinese delegationshave been sent to Asian—Africancountries,whowill negotiate tradeagreementswith the respectivegovernments、(这里得who will、、相当于so that they may、、、得意思,表示目得。)
Hewould bearash man,who shouldventure to forecast the results of this event、(这里得who、、、相当于if he、、、得意思,表示条件。)
Dr Lee,whohad carefullyread through theinstruction before doin ghis experiments,could not obtain satisfactory results,because he followed them mechanically、(这里得who、、、相当于through he、、、得意思,表示让步。)
Exercise 1:bine each group ofsentences into one containing a relativeclause
1、You sent meapresent、Thank you very much for it、
2、She was dancingwith a student、Hehad aslight limp、
3、There wasn'tany directoryin thetelephone box、I was phoning from this box、
4、I was sittingin a chair、It suddenty collapsed、
5、Imissedthe train、Iusuallycatch thistrain, andihad to travel on the next、Thiswasa slowtrain、
6、Tomcametothe party in patchedjeans、This surprisedthe other guests、Most ofthe other guests were wearing evening dress、
7、Theytie up parcels withstring、This is soweak that the parcel usually es
topieces before you get it home、
8、The boywas aphilosophy student andwanted to situphal fthe night discussing philosophy、Peter sharedaflatwith this boy、9、Shesaid that the men were thieves、Thisturned out to be true、10、He paid me$ 1 for washing ten windows、Mostof them hadn’t been washed for at leasta year、
Exercise 2
11、Buthe would have to be careful not tooffend Crass,theforemen,forCrasscould give himthesackat any moment、(who替代for Crass,表示原因)
12、He spread a rumour that the president was goingto resign、The rumour led to a greatconfusion in the country、(which替代the rumour,表示结果)
13、The Southern Statesrebelled and setupastate of their ownso that they would befree to keepNegroes as slaves、(、The SouthernStates rebelled and setup a state oftheir own,where they would be freeto keepNegroes as slaves、)
14、Oneday in 1906when he was crossing a road, Pierre was runoverandkilled、
(Oneday in 1906whenhe wascrossing aroad, wherePierre wasrunover and killed、)
15、Nothing ishard in the worldforanyone,ifhe dares toscale the heights、
(Nothingis hard in the world for anyone, who dares to scale theheights、)
16、He asked me to explain to himthe art of writingpoetry, b ut it cannot betaught、
18、(He askedme to explainto him theart of writing poetry,whichcannot be taught、、这里得which相当于让步,thoughthe book cannot betaught、、、)
17、Immediately theIsraeli armoured units(以列装甲部队)opened fire,killing four Lebanese military policemen andinjuredthefifth、The injured man laterdiedof his wounds、
(Immediately the Israeli armoured units(以列装甲部队)open edfire,killing four Lebanese military policemen and injured the fift h, who laterdiedofhiswounds、)
18、The building was enormous, yet ithad notrunning water、
(The buildingwasenormous, which had not running water、这里Which、、、相当于though、、、,表示让步)
在限定性定语从句中关系代词得选择
这里主要介绍在限制性关系分句中作主语、宾语与介词补足成分得关系代词得选择问题。
1、按照一般规则就是用who/that指人,用which/that指物。例如:
Heis the manwholives nextdoorto us、
Hedrivesa car that can travel150 milesan hour、
2、在限制性定语从句中,关系代词作宾语,正式语体分别用whom, which 指人与指物;非正式语体用who, that指人,用that指物,而且通常省略。例如:Whereis the man who/whom/thati sawthis morning?
Is that the man who/whom/that you gave your ticketsto?
Whereis the bookwhich/that i bought this morning?
Isthat theaddress which/that yousentthe telegram to?
3、关系代词作介词补足成分,在正式语体中介词通常前置,这时不管在限制性或非限制性定语从句中都用whom指人,which指物。例如:
JamesRussellisaman for whom ihave thegreatestrespect、
It isatribute in which the British-speakingpeoples can sha reirrespective of party or class、
在非正式语体中,通常后置,可用who/that指人,that指物。例如:
They are the boys (who/that)i went to school with、
The case that) you are referring to is now closed、
在非限定性定语从句中关系代词得选择
如前所述,在非限制性定语从句中,通常用who/whom/whose指人,用which 指物.例如:
The driver,who wasvery younge,had only just got his licence、
cariThisbook,whichonly appeared a year ago,has alreadyg one through several editions、
在非限制性定语从句中,which得先行项还可以就是上文整个得分句.例如:He tried to stand on hishandsfor five minutes,which—asyouknown-israther adifficultthingto do、
Which 还能指前面句子得一部分:
I haveknown menfarmoreable than Bowles,butnothalf so interesting,which is quite a differentthing、这里,which 指得就是上文部分内容,即(men)nothalf so interesting (as Bowles)、以上文整个分句为先行项得关系代词which还可引导独立分句,这时whic h与that可以交替使用.例如:
Every bottle of ‘BUZZ’ (饮料名) has been tested in ourlaboratories、Which/thatis whywe aresosure ofour guarantee、
关系词得省略问题
引导限制性定语从句得关系词在下列场合可以省略
1、当关系代词在分句中作宾语时:
Thetable youjustsaw is madeofplastics、
Tom isnotthe boy i gavethetickets to、
The stranger i spoke ofcameagain、
2、当关系代词that在分句中作补语时:
He'schanged、He’s notthe manhewas、
It’s apuzzleto me whathas made him the man he is、
3、当关系代词在分句中作主语时,只有当主句就是由itis,that is,there is引导得场合才能省略:
It isn'teverybody can learn a foreign language soeasily、
Thatwas his brother just wentby、
There was someoneaskedforyou,Bill、
4、三个关系副词when, where,why可以在thetimewhen,the placewhere,the reason why结构中引导限制性关系分句,这通常用于正式语体;在非正式语体中,通常可以省略关系副词when与why:
I shallneverforget the day(when)wefirst met、
I remember the morning (when)he first came to school、
Thereason (why) he came so earlyis hisown affair、
也可以用介词后置得方法代替where:
The roomhe worked inisnow keptin good repair、
Do you happen to know anybodyin the universitythis dictionary was piled at?
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