医患关系
U1
〔医生繁忙的工作性质导致了医生与病人之间的相互误解,对病人来说，需要理解医生的工作〕
Mbacteriumean idea:
It’s really common to read or hear about the complaints of doctor’s be impatient and careless.
Although there are probably a few doctors who truly are tone-deaf, most are reasonably empathic human beings, and I wonder why even these doctors seem prey to this criticism
为什么会有这种误解：
1.Neuron overload on the doctor side that leads to the problem. Sometime, one stray request〔一个冷不丁的问题〕 from a patient- even one that is quite relevant- might interrup
t doctors’ thinking〔might catch one of the doctors’ neurons in mid-fire)
2.Patients’ high expectation
3.Mistrust and misunderstanding between the patients and physician
U7/主要是讨论病人自主，但可以在医患关系里提及生了/
〔医学伦理学在解决医患关系时需要注意的，对医生来说，需要顾及到病人的情况〕
Respect for the patient, especially the patient’s autonomy(自主权)
Mean idea:
In an era of fast advancing medical technology, rapidly changing medical ethics, and in increasingly litigious society, good physician-patient relationship is critically important for effective health care delivery.
医生和患者需要做出哪些艰难的决定：
1.Decide whether life-support system should be continued or withdrawn
2.Decide whether a new therapy should be tried
3.Decide whether surgery should be the first choice or the last resort
4.Decide whether transfer or referral〔转介〕 is needed
5.Decide whether euthanasia〔安乐死〕 should be considered
什么是paternalistic decision-making〔家长式决策〕
A doctor play the role of an exclusive decision maker while his patient is considered as the participant without little say in the final choice.
什么是patient-center care(病人中心式照顾)
The Patients are the decision maker based on the information provided by the doctor.
为什么不可以全以医生为主或全以病人为主
Doctors are very much cautious about committing some kind of ethical transgression
〔医生都非常谨慎以免犯下某种侵犯道德的罪名〕
When it came to medical decisions, almost all the respondents wanted their doctors to offer choices and consider their opinions.
我们应该怎么做
Shouldering responsibility together with the patient may be better than having the patient make decision on their own alone.
Balancing between paternalism and respect for patient’s autonomy constitutes a large part of medical practice.
病人自主
〔见U7〕
抗生素
U2/如果只需谈论抗生素问题，只要提及抗药与病毒的变异/
(抗生素作为人类对抗疾病的一大创举，现在面临着耐药性且缺少创新的大问题)
Mean idea:
Although great progress has been made in the treatment and prevention of diseases in the last century, there is no reason for complacency. Human health is constantly threatened not only by emerging diseases but also by re-emerging ones once thought to have been controlled or eradicated.
我们取得在对抗疾病上的巨大突破及抗生素的诞生
1.“The book on infectious disease” has been written
2.A string of impressive victories incurred by antibiotics(抗生素) and vaccines〔疫苗〕
所面临的挑战〔如果只谈抗生素1/2/4即可〕
1.A change in virulence
2.Mutation(突变) in the exterior of the bacterium
3.Emerging diseases such as AIDS and Ebola are intractable for us to solve.
4.The effectiveness of the antibiotics has, however, led to their misuse. And the old enemies get drug resistance
我们应该做什么
1.Need for surveillance
2.Updated science capable of dealing with discoveries in the field
3.Appropriate prevention and control
4.Strong public health infrastructure
治未病
Literally means preventive treatment of disease.
U3
(疾病的预防和之间的关系)
Mean idea:
Despite the progress in medicine, many diseases are still untreatable and incurable. It has been generally agreed that prevention is more cost-effective than the treatment of diseases.
预防和之间的区别
Before someone was diagnosed with, prevention can be taken to avoid getting sick.
In contrast, if you fall ill unfortunately, a treatment should be taken to make health again.

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