1.1990年英译汉试题及参考译⽂
  People have wondered for a long time how their personalities，and behaviors are formed.It is not easy to explain why oneperson is intelligent and another is not，or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.
  Social scientists are，of course，extremely interested in these types of questions.（61）They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors.There are no clear answers yet，but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed.As one might expect，the two approaches are very different from each other.The controversy is often conveniently referred to asnature vs.nurture.
  （62）Those who support thenatureside of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.（63）That our environment has little，if anything，to do with our abilities，characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.Taken to an extreme，this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.
  Those who support thenurturetheory，that is，they advocate education，are often called behaviorist
s.They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act.A
behaviorist，B.F.Skinner，sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings.（64）The behaviorists maintain that，like machines，humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.
  Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic，intelligence，offered by the two theories.（65）Supporters of thenaturetheory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined.Needless to say，they don’t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic.On the other hand，behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences.（66）Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli whichdevelop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
  The social and political implications of these two theories are profound.（67）In the United States，blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests.This leads somenaturepr
oponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites.（68）Behaviorists，in contrast，say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.
  Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.
  1990年英译汉试题参考译⽂
  长期以来⼈们完全不知道他们的性格特征和⾏为模式是怎样形成的。⼈们很难解释⼀个聪明⽽另⼀个⼈愚蠢的原因，或者也很难解释⼀个⼈有协作精神，⽽另⼀个⼈有竞争意识的原因。
  当然，社会科学家对这类问题极为关注。（61）他们想要说明，为什么我们具有某些性格特征并表现出某些⾏为。然⽽，这些问题尚⽆明确的答案。但是在这⽅⾯已经形成了两个截然不相同的学派。⼈们可以预料，这两家的看法⼤不相同。为⽅便起见，这种争论通常被称为天性论与环境因素论之争。
  （62）在这场争论中，赞成天性⼀⽅的那些⼈认为，我们的性格特征和⾏为模式⼤多是由⽣物因素所决定的。（63）这种理论的核⼼是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和⾏为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不⾜道的。这种理论甚⾄极端地坚持认为，我们的⾏为模式在很⼤程度上是先天决定的；因此，我们⼏乎完全受我们的本能所⽀配。
  赞成环境因素论的那些⼈，即提倡培养教育的⼈，通常被称为⾏为主义者。他们声称，在决定我们的⾏为⽅式时，环境⽐以⽣理为基础的本能更为重要。⼀位名叫B.F.史基纳的⾏为主义者认为，⼈的⾏为模式完全是由周围环境塑造的。（64）⾏为主义者坚信，⼈像机器⼀样，对环境的刺激作出反应，这是他们⾏为的基础。
cooperative  咱们来考察⼀下这两种理论对⼈的⼀种性格特征———智⼒———的不同解释。（65）⽀持天性论的⼈坚持说，我们⽣来就具有⼀定的学习才能，这是由⽣物因素决定的。勿庸说，他们认为，周围环境的各种因素并不严重影响基本上是先天的性格特征。⽽⾏为主义者却争辩说，我们的智⼒⽔平是我们各种经历相结合的产物。（66）⾏为主义者的看法是，如果⼀个⼉童在有许多刺激物的环境⾥成长，⽽这些刺激物能够发展其作出适当反应的能⼒，那么，这个⼉童将会有更⾼的智⼒发展。
  这两种理论所包含的社会和政治内涵是意味深长的。（67）在美国，⿊⼈在标准化智⼒测试中的成绩常常低于⽩⼈。这就使⼀些天性论的拥护者得出结论，⿊⼈在⽣理上⽐⽩⼈略低⼀筹。（68）相反，⾏为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于⿊⼈往往被剥夺了⽩⼈在教育及其它环境⽅⾯所享有的许多有利条件。
  2.1991年英译汉试题及参考译⽂
  The fact is that the energy crisis，which has suddenly been officially announced，has been with us
for a long time now，and will be with us for an even longer time.Whether Arab oil flows freely or not，it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base.（71）The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time，and in any case，the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.
  （72）New sources of energy must be found，and this will take time，but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past.For an indefinite period from here
on，mankind is going to advance cautiously，and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.
  To make the situation worse，there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s population is in sight.Although the birthrate has dropped in some nations，including the United States，the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twentyfirst century opens.
  （73）The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this，which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.
  Taking all this into account，what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year2001?
To begin with，the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years—even here in the United States.By2001，the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million，and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths.（74）This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the highenergy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.
  It seems almost certain that by2001the United States will no longer be a great foodexporting nation and that，if necessity forces exports，it will be at the price of belttightening at home.
  In fact，as food items will end to decline in quality and decrease in variety，there is very likely to be incresing use of flavouring additives.（75）Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all，people will have to accept moreunnatural food.
  1991年英译汉试题参考译⽂
  事实是，虽然官⽅是突然宣布能源危机的存在，然⽽长期以来我们⼀直⾯临着能源危机，⽽且这种情况今后将会持续更长的时间。不管阿拉伯的⽯油能否源源不断地外流，⼈⼈都清楚，再也不能让世界⼯业依赖于如此脆弱的能源基础。（71）⽯油供应可能随时会被切断；不管怎样，以⽬前这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。
  （72）必须到新的能源，这需要时间;⽽过去我们感觉到的那种能源廉价⽽充⾜的情况将不⼤可能再出现了。在今后的漫长的时间内，⼈类将谨慎前进，⽽它感到幸运的是它确实能够前进。
  使⽬前状况糟糕的是，⾄今尚⽆迹象表明，世界⼈⼝的增长在近期内会减慢。虽然包括美国在内的⼀些国家的出⽣率已经下降，但是在21世纪初世界⼈⼝似乎肯定会超过60亿，或许甚⾄超过70亿。
  （73）⾷品供应的增加将远远赶不上⼈⼝的增长，这就意味着我们在粮⾷的⽣产和购销⽅⾯已陷⼊危机。
  考虑到所有这些因素，我们可以适当地估计⼀下2001年的超级市场将会是什么样⼦呢?⾸先，今后的30年内，世界的⾷品供应⽇益紧张，甚⾄美国这⾥也不例外。到2001年美国⼈⼝将⾄少达到2亿5千万，也可能是2亿7千万。那时，美国将很难扩⼤⾷品⽣产来满⾜⼈⼝增长的需要。（74）这种困境将是确定⽆疑的，因为能源的匮乏使农业⽆法以⾼能消费这种美国耕作⽅式继续下去了，⽽这种耕作⽅式可以投⼊少数农民就获得⾼产。
  ⼏乎可以肯定，到2001年美国将再也不是⼀个⾷品输出国；如果必须出⼝的话，那么其代价就是美国国内⼈民将勒紧裤带。
  实际上，由于各种⾷品往往会质量下降、品种减少，这就有可能更多地使⽤调味添加物。（75）除⾮⼈类终于意识到要把⼈⼝减少到这样的程度，使地球能为所有⼈提供⾜够的饮⾷，否则⼈们将不得不接受更多的⼈造⾷品。

版权声明：本站内容均来自互联网，仅供演示用，请勿用于商业和其他非法用途。如果侵犯了您的权益请与我们联系QQ:729038198，我们将在24小时内删除。