Chapter 8 Language in Use
I.    Choose the best answer. (20%)
1.    What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.
A. reference                  B. speech act                     
C. practical usage            D. context
2.    A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.
A. pragmatic                  B. grammatical           
C. mental                      D. conceptual
3.    If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a (n) _________.
A. constative                B. directive                 
C. utterance                  D. expressive
4.    Which of the following is true?
A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.
B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.
C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.
D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.
5.    Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.
A. in the late 50’s of the 20the century                      B. in the early 1950’s
C. in the late 1960’s                                    D. in the early 21st century
6.    __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.
A. A locutionary act                                          B. An illocutionary act
C. A perlocutionary act                                      D. A performative act
7.    According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.
A. to get the hearer to do something
B. to commit the speaker to something’s being the case
C. to commit the speaker to some future course of action
D. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs
cooperative8.    All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ __________.
A. in their illocutionary acts                              B. in their intentions expressed
C. in their strength or force                              D. in their effect brought about
9.    __________ is advanced by Paul Grice
A. Cooperative Principle                              B. Politeness Principle
C. The General Principle of Universal Grammar          D. Adjacency Principle
10.  When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.
A. impoliteness                        B. contradictions 
C. mutual understanding                D. conversational implicatures
II.  Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
11.  Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.
12.  It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.
13.  What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.
14.  The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is.
15.  The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.
16.  The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.
17.  Utterances always take the form of complete sentences
18.  Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.
19.  Speech act theory started in the late 50’s of the 20th century.
20.  Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.
III.  Fill in the blanks. (20%)
21.  The notion of __________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.
22.  If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an __________.
23.  The meaning of a sentence is __________, and decontexualized.
24.  __________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.
25.  __________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.
26.  A(n) __________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.

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