Conversion词的转换译法
Conversion词的转换译法（1）
⼤体可分为7 种：①词类转换（转性）；②句⼦成分转换；③表达⽅式转换；④⾃然语序和倒装语序转换；⑤正⾯表达与反⾯表达转换；⑥主动语态与被动语态转换；⑦分句转换。
Converted into verb
英语中的某些名词、介词、副词，翻译时可转译成汉语中的动词。
1. Noun-->verb
⼀）英语中很多由名词派⽣的动词，以及由名词转⽤的动词，在汉语中往往不易到相应的动词，这时可将其转译成汉语名词。
1. 名词派⽣的动词
1）Formality has always characterized their relationship.
他们之间的关系，有⼀个特点，就是以礼相待。
2）To them, he personified the absolute power.
在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化⾝。
2. 名词转⽤的动词
1）Most U.S. spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth's atmosphere after completing their missions.
美国绝⼤多数间谍卫星，按其设计，是在完成使命后，在⼤⽓层中焚毁。
2）The lack of any special excretory system is explained in a similar way.
植物没有专门的排泄系统，可⽤同样的⽅式加以说明。
3）As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on.
他跑出去时，忘记了穿鞋⼦。
Practice
1.My admiration for him grows more and more.
我对他越来越钦佩了。
2.An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the studies of current affairs.
了解世界历史对研究时事很有帮助。
3.He said he didn’t know whether the Russians were ready for a showdown.
他说他不知道俄国⼈是否准备摊牌。
-er, -or-->Verbconversion翻译方法的定义
He is a heavy drinker and a chain smoker.
他这个⼈既能抽烟，⼜能喝酒。
Londoners are great readers.
伦敦⼈喜欢读书。
2. Adj. -->Verb
Be convinced that…确信…
3. Prep. / Adv -->verb
Are you for or against my opinion?
你赞同还是反对我的观点？
Watermelons are in.
西⽠上市了。
4. take/have/give/make
They took a final look at Iron Mike, still intact in the darkness.
他们最后看了铁麦克⼀眼---它依旧安然⽆恙地耸⽴在⿊暗中。
The next news bulletin, shorter than usual, made no mention of the demonstration.
下⼀个新闻节⽬⽐通常短，没有提到游⾏。
II. Converted into Noun
1. Verb-->Noun, such as aim, characterize, impress, etc
The camel is characterized by an ability to go for many days without water.
骆驼的特点是不喝⽔能⾏⾛多⽇。
What impressed me most was his heroic deed.
他的英雄壮举给我留下了深刻的印象。
有些英语被动式句⼦中的动词，可以译成"受（遭）到……+名词"、"予（加）
以+名词"这类结构。如：
Satellites, however, must be closely watched, for they are constantly being tugged at by the gravitational attraction of the sun, moon and earth. （由于经常受到太阳、⽉亮以及地球引⼒的影响，卫星活动必须加以密切的观察。）
2. Adj.-->Noun
1. 英语中有些形容词加上定冠词表⽰某⼀类的⼈，汉译时常译成名词。The decreased死者（表单数）/The accused被告（表单数）/ 其余: the + adj.表复数。/The fittest survive.适者⽣存。如：
1）They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.
他们尽了最⼤的努⼒帮助病号和伤员。
2）Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor.
罗宾汉和他的伙伴们痛恨阔⼈，热爱并保护穷⼈。
2. 此外，根据情况还有些形容词可以译成名词。如：
1）Stevenson was eloquent and elegant——but soft.
史蒂⽂森有⼝才、有风度，但很软弱。
2）They were considered insincere.
他们被⼈认为是伪君⼦
III. Adj.-->Adv.
We should make a systematic and comprehensive study of the theory on art and literature.
我们应当系统全⾯地研究⽂艺理论。
Conversion词类转译练习
1. Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.
在学习中，独⽴思考是绝对必要的。
2. If the newspapers want to have a large circulation number, they must be informative, instructive and entertaining.
如果报纸想得以⼤量发⾏，必须具有知识性、思想性和趣味性。
3. Difference between the social systems of states shall not be an obstacle to their approach and cooperation.
各国社会制度不同，不应妨碍彼此接近和相互合作。
4. We are deeply convinced of the correctness of the reform and opening up policy and firmly determ
ined to pursue it.
我们坚信改⾰开放的正确性，并决⼼继续奉⾏。
5. In those years the Republicans are in.
在那些年是共和党执政。
6. Traditionally, there had always been good relations between them.
他们之间始终保持着传统的友好关系。
7. Our age is witnessing a profound political change.
我们时代是⼀场深刻社会变⾰的见证。
8. Little by little they went along the entire coast of the Arctic Ocean, making careful observation on the way.
他们沿着北冰洋海岸慢慢地航⾏，⼀路仔细观察。
9. Please let us know if our terms are acceptable.
请告是否接受我⽅条款。
10. The new contract would be good for 5 years.
新的合同有效期为五年。
11. The growing awareness by millions of Africans of their extremely poor and backward living conditions has prompted them to take resolute measures and create new ones.
千百万的⾮洲⼈民已经逐渐认识到他们的贫困落后，这就促使他们去采取措
施，创造新的条件。
12. We guarantee prompt delivery of goods.
我们保证迅速发货。
13. He noticed a very close agreement between the two countries on the Taiwan issue.
他注意到两国在台湾问题上的看法是⾮常⼀致的。
14. These problems defy easy classification.
这些问题难以归类。
15. He personified the evil that was in the world.
他是世间⼀切邪恶的化⾝。
16. On this question people of different age groups think differently.
对于这个问题，不同年龄段的⼈有不同的看法。
17. He was motivated by a desire to reach a compromise.
他的动机是希望达成某种妥协。
18. The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man.
因此，对于从事社会活动的⼈来说，培养⼀种爱好和新的兴趣⾄关重要。19. His style is characterized by brevity.
他的写作特点是简洁。
20. No wonder the sight of it should send the memories of quite a number of the old generations back 36 years ago.
怪不得⽼⼀辈的⼈看到这个情景就会想起36年前的往事。
21. Every state is the best judge of what is required to safeguard its national security.
每个国家应该如何保证他的安全，只有他⾃⼰才能做出决策。
22. His words and deeds testify to his honesty.
他的⾔⾏证明他是诚实的。
23. Every Englishman has some knowledge, however slight, of the work of our greatest writer.
每个英国⼈都了解⼀些我们这位伟⼤作家的作品，不管他了解多少。
24. Americans have a craze for the sun, a belief that the sun will cure chronic
illness and that where there is sunshine, there will be a job.
美国⼈狂热地喜欢太阳，相信太阳能慢性病，有太阳的地⽅就有⼯作。
词的转换译法（2）
转性译法是指在翻译过程中，根据译语的规范，把原句中某种词类的词转换成另⼀种词类的词，也就是我们通常所说的词类转换。英语和汉语的词类⼤部分重合，但是在英语中某个词类的词语可以充当的句⼦成分相对较少。例如，英语中充当主语的只有代词、名词或相当于名词的动名词或不定式，充当谓语的⼤多为动词；⽽汉语中，名词、动词、形容词都可以做主语、谓语、宾语以及表语。⼀、汉语动词的转译
汉语的⼀个显著特点是⼤量使⽤动词，包括连动式和兼动式。有时，⼀个句⼦会出现多个动词，如：你妈妈叫你回去。
⽽英语中，⼀个句⼦通常只有⼀个主动词：your mother wants you back at once. 汉语中动词使⽤⽐较频繁，当翻译成英语时，常⽤名词、形容词、介词、副词等词来译。
（⼀）汉语动词转译为英语名词
英语中名词结构占绝对优势，因此常⽤名词来表⽰汉语中的动词。英语有词形变化，这⼤⼤丰富了英语的名词，有些动词只要在后⾯加上后缀就变成名词了。汉译英时如果能适当地把动词转换为名词，则能使译⽂更⾃然，更凝练。
1. 医⽣建议我多锻炼⼀些。
译⽂：the doctor gave me some advice of doing more exercise．
2. 操作机器需要懂得机器的⼀些性能。
译⽂：the operation of a machine needs some knowledge of its function．
3. ⼀定要少说空话，多做⼯作。
译⽂：there must be less empty talk and more hard work．
4. ⼈⼝在不断地增加。
译⽂：there is a steady increase in population．
（⼆）汉语动词译为英语介词或介词短语
英语中介词不仅数量多（⼤约有280多个），⽽且与其他的词类搭配灵活，名词、代词、动名词、从句均可以作它的宾语。英语中介词意义丰富，且随着搭配的不同，意义会发⽣变化。⽽且有些英语介词是由动词演变⽽来的，依然具有动词特征，所以有时汉语动词可以⽤英语介词或介词词组来翻译。
（1）他到商店去买酱油。
译⽂：he went to the shop for a bottle of sauce.
（2）她漂亮得⽆法形容。
译⽂：her beauty is beyond word.
（3）⼀座跨越杭州湾的⼤桥已经开始建设。
译⽂：a bridge has been under construction, which will span the Hangzhou
bay.
⼆、汉语名词的转译
汉语名词作主语、表语或宾语时，⼀般译为相应的英语名词。
但有时汉语的名词不能硬译为英语名词，⽽是应该根据英⽂习惯，转译为英语的动词、形容词或副词等词类。
（⼀）汉语名词转译为英语动词
英语中有⼀部分动词是从名词派⽣⽽来的，有的英语名词同时可以兼做动词⽤。汉语中的名词，尤其是抽象名词，如果也把它们翻译成英语名词，那么句⼦就会不地道，不符合英⽂的习惯。在这种情况下，我们可以把这些汉语名词译为相应的英语动词，原来主语、表语或宾语的定语就译为英语中的主语。
例如：
1)雄伟的⼈民⼤会堂给我们留下了深刻的印象。
the magnificent great hall of the people impressed us tremendously.
2)他的画的特点是笔⼒沉着，⾊彩鲜艳。
his paintings are characterized by steady strokes and bright colors
上⾯两个例句中的“印象”、“特点”在汉语中只能⽤做名词表⽰，⽽在英语常常⽤动词表达。3)如果旅馆都满客了，我们可以给你提供住处。
we can house you if the hotels are full.
4)他是世上⼀切邪恶的化⾝。
he personified the evil that was in the world.
5)他的呼吸有股⼤蒜味道。
he breaths smells of garlic.
6)⽆知和疏忽是这错误的原因。
ignorance and negligence has caused this mistake.
7)橄榄枝是和平的象征。
olive branch symbolizes peace.
8)这只船容易颠覆，因为它造型不合理。
译⽂⼀：this boat is apt to overturn because its shape is unreasonably.
译⽂⼆：this boat is apt to overturn because it unreasonably is shaped .
（⼆）汉语名词转译为英语形容词或副词
词类转换是英汉翻译很重要的⼿段之⼀，运⽤得当，可使译⽂通顺流畅，否则译⽂可能⽣硬晦涩。下⾯将英汉互译中最常见的词类转换现象介绍如下:
1. 汉语中的动词转换成英语中的名词
汉语中动词⽤的较多，除了动宾结构外，还有连动式、兼语式等两个动词以上连⽤的现象。英语则不然，⼀句话往往只有⼀个

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