汉英翻译中的句子结构处理
汉英翻译中的句子结构处理:
翻译一个具体句子时,首先必须解决句子结构的问题。在很多情况下,将汉语原文的句子结构不加改变或稍加改变就移植到英译文中去,是完全可能的;但在不少的情况下,则必须改变原文的句子结构。例如原文的句子很长或由于其他原因,译成英语时就须把它拆开,译成几个句子。如原文是两个或两个以上的句子,但其间的逻辑关系非常紧密,或由于英语本身的原因,又须将它们译为一句。此外,如为了句子的连贯,为了强调或不强调句子的某一部分;为了传达原文句子的语气,或是由于汉语句子比较特殊(如汉语多无主语句),或是由于英语本身的特点(如被动结构较多)等等,我们都必须改变原文的结构。改变原文句子结构的方法很多,现将常用的几种列举如下。
一、拆句
将原文中的一个句子拆开,译成两个或两个以上的句子,称为拆句翻译法。
1、时候既然是深冬,渐近故乡时,天气又阴晦了,冷风吹进般舱中,呜呜的响。(鲁迅《
故乡》)
It was late winter. As we drew near my former home the day became overcast and a cold wind blew into the cabin of our boat.
2、中国两国是近邻,只隔一衣带水,我们两国的关系已有一千多年的历史。
China and Japan are close neighbours separated by just a strip of water . The relations between our two countries have a history of more than 1,000 years.
3、健全自己的身体,保持合理的规律生活,这是自我修养的物质基础。(周恩来《我的修养原则》)
Keep fit, lead a reasonable and regular life. This is the material basis for personal training.
二、合句
将原文中两个或两个以上的句子合并译为一句,称为合句翻译法。
1、从那时到现在,已经整整五十年了。这是光辉的五十年,不平凡的五十年。
Fifty years have elapsed since that day-fifty glorious years, fifty extraordinary years.
2、我们必须扫除这个最大的障碍。这个障碍的扫除要靠中美两国政府的共同努力。
We must clear away this biggest obstacle, the removal of which depends on the joint efforts of the Chinese and American governments.
三、改变句子结构
conversion翻译方法的定义将汉语的句子译成英语时,由于两种语言的句子结构不同,或由于两种语言的习惯表达法不同,或由于上下班下文和其他原因,往往需要改变原文的句子结构。句子结构的改变情况多样而又复杂,现举出以下实例说明一部分情况,读者可以“举一反三”,靠自己从实践中去更深地体会。
1、分句译为短语
1)中国昂首挺立于世界之林,越来越成为任何人都不能忽视的巨大力量。
Standing firm and proud among the nations of the world, China has become an ever stronger force which no one can ignore.
2)中日两国是近邻,只隔一衣带水。
China and Japan are close neighbours separated by just a strip of water.(省去主语的分句译为分词短语)
2、复句中的第一个分句的谓语部分译为短语;在这种情况下,第二个分句的主语和第一个分句的主语相同,故第二分句的主语常被省去不译。
1)某些居心叵测的政客们只知道挖空心思为“西藏独立”制造理论依据,却没有想到使他们自己陷入自相矛盾的境地。
Some ill-intentioned politicians, racking their brains to fabricate a theoretical justification for
“ Tibet independence ” is unaware that they have landed themselves in self-contradiction.
3、主谓结构中的谓语译为短语。
1)我们用自己动手的方法,达到了丰衣足食的目的。
By using our own hands we have attained the goal of “ ample food and clothing ”.
4、改变主谓结构的其他情况
1)有些青年人认为超前消费才显得豪华气派,这种想法是错误的,是不适合我国的国情的。
Some young people think that spending money ahead of time may show their rich and mighty way of living. This wrong view does not tally with our national conditions.
5、动宾结构的改变及其译法。
1)认为经济发展了,就难保持收支平衡的观点是没有根据的。
There are no grounds to believe that economic development will make it difficult to maintain a balance between revenue and expenditure.
2)老科学家有长期搞科研的丰富经验。因此,他们的意见特别值得我们尊重。
Veteran scientists have behind them rich
experiences in research projects. Their ideas, therefore, deserve our particular attention.
6、主动结构变为被动结构或被动结构变为主动结构。
1)25年前尼克松访华以后,中美两国建立了外交关系。
Diplomatic relations were established between China and the United States after the Nixon’s visit to China 25 years ago.(主动变为被动)
2)为了追求高额利润,西方资本主义发达国家也进行过技术改造。但是,它是建立在绝大多数农民、工人破产和失败的基础上的。
In its thirst for super-profit, the capitalist developed countries in the Western world also went through technical renovation. But it could do so at the cost of bankrupting the overwhelming majority of the peasants and workers and throwing them out of work.(第
二句在意义上是被动,但译成英语的主动结构)
汉译英词类互换法与代换法
词类互换法是汉译英最常用的方法之一。由于汉语和英语是两种完全不同的语言,因此在翻译时不能按照原文的词类机械地照搬不误。例如汉语运用动词的场合较多,译成英语时,不一定也用动词,而可以用介词或名词。如果我们运
用得当,就可以使译文更加符合英语的习惯用法,读起来通顺流畅,明白易懂。现将汉译英常用的词类互换法分述如下:
一、汉语的动词转换成英语介词或介词短语
1、联合国的大多数成员国都不赞成所谓“人权”的提案。
A great majority of member nations in the United Nations were not in favour of the so-called“human rights”proposal. (动词—介词短语)
2、他们不顾一切艰难险阻,勇往直前。
They kept going forward courageously in spite of all dangers and difficulties.(动词—介词短语)
二、汉语的动词转换成英语的名词
1、在这所敬老院里,所有的老人都受到很好的照顾。
In this Retirement Center for the Aged, all the senior citizens are taken good care of.(动词—名词;副词—形容词)
2、要制止青少年犯罪,首先应加强思想教育和严格查禁黄书刊和。
To check juvenile delinquency, first of all, we should intensify our moral education and a strict ban of drugs and pornographic books and periodicals must be placed.(动词—名词;副词—形容词)
三、汉语的动词转换成英语的形容词
1、获悉贵国南方地区遭受水灾,国际红十字会深表关切,为此,特向你们捐赠以下救济物
资。
The International Red Cross is deeply concerned at the news that a big flood has hit the southern areas of your county. The following relief items will be specially denoted for this purpose.
2、要是你们只满足于现状,你们就不能在竞争中求得发展。
You cannot survive in the competition for further development, if you are only content with things as they are.

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