汉译英翻译训练
1.    翻译的定义
翻译是指把一种语言文字的意义转换成另一种语言文字。简言之，翻译是一种用不同的语言文字将原文作者的意思准确地再现出来的艺术。从以上翻译定义我们知道，原文的思想必须尽可能得到保持，不可有所增删。译者的任务只是转换文字而不是改变其意思。因此，翻译有两种要素：准确性与表达性。准确性是翻译的首要条件。译者必须谨慎地遵循原作者的意思，所选用的字词和句式结构必须如实地传达出原文的思想。表达性是让译文易于理解。换言之，译者必须用自己的手段尽可能地将原文的思想清楚而有力地表达出来。准确性使译出的思想明确无误，而表达性则使译文生动，具有魅力。
（焦点问题：词语的选择）
参考译文：         
Definition of Translation
Translation means the conversion of an expression from one language into another. To say it plainly, translation is an art to reproduce the exact idea of the author by means of a language different from the original. From the above definition of translation we know that the original thought of the expression must be kept as far as possible. Nothing should be added to or taken away from the original work. The duty of the translator is simply to change the vocabulary, not the thought. In translation therefore, there are two essential elements: accuracy and expressiveness. Accuracy is the first indispensable quality of translation. The translator must cautiously stick to the author’s idea. Words selected and sentences constructed must be such as to convey the exact original thought. Expressiveness is to make the translation readily understood. In other words, the translator must express the author’s idea as clearly and as forcibly as he can by the medium he employs. Accuracy is to make the thought definite and exact; while expressiveness is to make the translation vivid and attractive.
2.文化的交流
当今的世界，既非丝绸之路时代，亦非马可.波罗时代。从上海去东京，只需两个多小时，相当于从北京到杭州的时间。从中国去地球另一端的美国，也能在日历上的头一天到达。昔日遥远的地理距离，被现代科学技术一下缩短到令人难以置信的程度。这是人类文明进步的共同成果。不论是中国的还是外国的历史一再证明：文化需要交流。只有交流，才能相互学习，相互了解；只有交流，才能共同去促进人类智慧向着一座又一座的高峰发展，并共同享用其成果。（焦点问题  1.  主语的选择 2．专有名词的翻译）
Cultural exchange
The world today is no longer the world of times of the Silk Road or Marco Polo. It takes only a little over two hours to fly from Shanghai to Tokyo, just as much time to reach Hangzhou from Beijing. From China we can reach America on the other side of the ocean on the same calender day. With the development of science and technology great distances in the past have been made unbelievably short. This is the achievement of the progress of human civilization. The historical experiences of both China and other countries have once again proved that culture needs exchanging. Through exchange only
can we learn from each other and come to know each other better. Through exchange only can we give full play to human wisdom and enjoy the common fruits of civilization.
3．白 蛇 传
脍炙人口的传统京剧《白蛇传》讲的是传自明朝的故事。
白蛇精与青蛇精化作美女来到人间。白蛇精与一位书生相爱并生一子。禅师法海认为他们的结合违反传统婚姻, 伤风败俗, 他气急败坏。于是他派神兵神将前来捉拿白蛇精,并把她镇压在一座塔下面。后来, 青蛇精在深山中修炼, 习武多年, 终于砸烂了那座塔,  救出白蛇精。至此,白蛇精与丈夫、儿子又得团聚。
conversion翻译方法的定义在《白》剧中，蛇被赋予了崇高的人性。
（焦点问题：文化负载词语的翻译）
The White Snake                         
The White Snake, one of the most popular traditional Beijing operas, is based on a story
handed down from Ming Dynasty 1368-1644. White Snake Spirit and Green Snake Spirit metamorphosed themselves into two beautiful girls and ventured into the human world. White Snake fell in love with a young scholar and gave birth to a son. Fahai, a Buddhist monk, regarded their union as a violation of the conventions regarding marriage as an example of moral degeneration. Much enraged, he sent officers and soldiers from the heaven, who captured White Snake, and using magical powers he himself incarcerated her underneath a pagoda. For many years afterwards, Green Snake hid herself in deep mountains and gave herself rigorous spiritual and martial arts training. In the end she succeeded in toppling the pagoda and rescued her mistress. Now White Snake was reunited with her husband and son.
The snake in the opera is endowed with the noble character of human nature .           
6.和平和发展是当今世界的两大主题。维护世界和平，加强友好合作，促进共同发展是各国人民的共同愿望。当今，贫困、失业、难民、犯罪、人口膨胀、环境恶化、泛滥、恐怖主义等问题仍然严峻，影响着全球的稳定和发展。中国同西方国家虽然国情不同，但
在一系列重大国际问题上具有广泛一致的利益。我对中国同西方各国关系的改善与发展感到高兴。
（焦点问题：抽象名词的选择）
Peace and development are the two main themes of the world today. Maintaining global peace, enhancing friendship and cooperation and promoting common development are the common desire of all peoples. At present, worldwide stability and development are threatened by such serious problems as poverty, unemployment, refugee flows, crimes, population explosion, environmental degradation, drug abuse and terrorism. Though different in their national conditions, China and western countries share broad common interests on a wide range of major international issues. I am happy to see the improvement and expansion of China’s relations with them.
7.          一座长桥  文金圣华
翻译就像一座桥，桥两端，气候悬殊，风光迥异。两端之间，原隔着险峻的山谷，湍急的
溪流。两旁的人，各忙各的，世代相传，分别发展出一套不同的习俗风尚以及语言文化来。
有一天，这不同文化习俗的人，忽然想起要跟对岸打个招呼。怎么办？要 渡过峡谷，不得不起一座桥，谁来起桥？
终于来了，一傻里傻气的志愿者。
问他们：“你们可知道，干这份工作，必须吃得起苦，干劲十足？”
他们点点头，充满信心地说：“我们有的是干劲，我们也不怕吃苦。”
再问道：“这份差事，待遇并不好，赶起工来，日以继夜。说老实话，你们可知道付出的劳力与报酬并不相符？”
答道：“我们不是想发财。”
再追问：“难道不知道从来没有人是干这一行而发达的吗？”做这一行必须默默耕耘，若想抱着沽名钓誉的心，还是趁早别干。桥造好了，人在桥上踏，没有人会为你们立纪念碑的。”
又答道：“我们不是想出名”。
最后只有叹道：“既不为名也不为利，可别怪大家没提醒你们，这工作可得小心经营，起桥最要紧的是两端根基扎得实，起石桥得一块块石头砌；砌木桥得一块块木头搭；哪怕是座绳桥也马虎不得，须一根根绳子打结，不然人一上桥就摔下深涧，怎么还到得了对岸？”
桥还是建了，一座座、一条条。知识在传递，文化在交流。可是有谁想起建桥人？
    A  Long  Bridge
Translation is like a bridge with a very different climate and landscape at either end of it. Under the bridge, there lies a valley between steep mountains with a rapid stream flowing through it. Before the bridge is built, people on either side of the valley have for generations made no contact with those on the other. Hence, there have developed two different customs and habits, and two different languages and cultures.

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