2015年考研英语一真题-高清版含答案
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)
Though not biologically related,friends are as“related”as fourth cousins, sharing about1%of genes.That is1a study,published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,has2.
The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted31,932unique subjects which4pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers.The same people were used in both5.
While1%may seem6,it is not so to a geneticist.As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego,says,“Most people do not even 7their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who8our kin.”
The study9found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity.Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain,for now.10,as the team suggests,it draws us to similar environments but there is more11it.There could be many mechanisms working together that12us in choosing genetically similar friends13“functional kinship”of being friends with14!
One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving15than other genes.Studying this could help16why human evolution picked pace in the last30,000years,with social environment being a major17factor.
The findings do not simply explain people’s18to befriend those of similar19backgrounds,say the researchers.Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction,care was taken to20that all subjects,friends and strangers,were taken from the same population.
1.[A]when[B]why[C]how[D]what
2.[A]defended[B]concluded[C]withdrawn[D]advised
3.[A]for[B]with[C]on[D]by
4.[A]compared[B]sought[C]separated[D]connected
5.[A]tests[B]objects[C]samples[D]examples
6.[A]insignificant[B]unexpected[C]unreliable[D]incredible
7.[A]visit[B]miss[C]seek[D]know
8.[A]resemble[B]influence[C]favor[D]surpass
9.[A]again[B]also[C]instead[D]thus
10.[A]Meanwhile[B]Furthermore[C]Likewise[D]Perhaps
11.[A]about[B]to[C]from[D]like
12.[A]drive[B]observe[C]confuse[D]limit
13.[A]according to[B]rather than[C]regardless of[D]along with
14.[A]chances[B]responses[C]missions[D]benefits
15.[A]later[B]slower[C]faster[D]earlier
16.[A]forecast[B]remember[C]understand[D]express
17.[A]unpredictable[B]contributory[C]controllable[D]disruptive
18.[A]endeavor[B]decision[C]arrangement[D]tendency
19.[A]political[B]religious[C]ethnic[D]economic
20.[A]see[B]show[C]prove[D]tell
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)
Text1
King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted“kings don’t abdicate,they die in their sleep.”But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days?Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals,with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?
The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy.When public opinion is particularly polarised,as it was following the end of the Franco regime,monarchs can rise above“mere”politics and“embody”a spirit of national unity.
It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’continuing popularity as heads of state.And so,the Middle East excepted,Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world,with10kingdoms(not counting Vatican city and Andorra).But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia,most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.
Even so,kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside.Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be,their very history–and sometimes the way they behave today–embodies outdated and indefensibl
e privileges and inequalities.At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth,it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.
The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles,not horses(or helicopters).Even so,these are wealthy families who party with the international1%,and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.
While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come,it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.
It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary(if well-heeled)granny style.The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world.He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service–as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows,it is kings,not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.
21.According to the first two paragraphs,King Juan Carl of Spain
[A]eased his relationship with his rivals.
polarised
[B]used to enjoy high public support.
[C]was unpopular among European royals.
[D]ended his reign in embarrassment.
22.Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly
[A]to give voters more public figures to look up to.
[B]to achieve a balance between tradition and reality.
[C]owing to their undoubted and respectable status.
[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment.
23.Which of the following is shown to be odd,according to Paragraph4?
[A]Aristocrats’excessive reliance on inherited wealth.
[B]The role of the nobility in modern democracies.
[C]The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.
[D]The nobility’s adherence to their privileges.
24.The British royals“have most to fear”because Charles
[A]fails to adapt himself to his future role.
[B]fails to change his lifestyle as advised.
[C]takes republicans as his potential allies.
[D]takes a tough line on political issues.
25.Which of the following is the best title of the text?
[A]Carlos,Glory and Disgrace Combined
[B]Charles,Anxious to Succeed to the Throne
[C]Carlos,a Lesson for All European Monarchs
[D]Charles,Slow to React to the Coming Threats
Text2
Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data?The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.
California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest.It is hard,the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.
The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable,even obvious,so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police,lawyers and defendants.
They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone–a vast storehouse of digital information–is similar to, say,going through a suspect’s purse.The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant.But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home.A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history,financial history,medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence.The development of“cloud computing”,meanwhile,has made that exploration so much the easier.
Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy.But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.
As so often is the case,stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing.In many cases,it would not be overly burdensome for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents.They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe,urgent circumstances,and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while waiting for a warrant.The court,though,may want to allow room for police to cite situat
ions where they are entitled to more freedom.
But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole.New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections.Orin Kerr,a law professor,compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the20th:The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then;they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.

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