1. information
Information, in its most restricted technical sense, is a sequence of symbols that can be interpreted as a message. Information can be recorded as signs, or transmitted as signals. Information is any kind of event that affects the state of a dynamic system. Conceptually, information is the message (utterance or expression) being conveyed. This concept has numerous other meanings in different contexts.[1] Moreover, the concept of information is closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control, data, form, instruction, knowledge, meaning, mental stimulus, pattern, perception, representation, and especially entropy.
(信息,在其最受限制的技术意义上,是一个序列的符号,可以被解释为一个消息。信息可以被记录为标志,或传输信号。信息是任何类型的事件,影响一个动态系统的状态。从概念上讲,信息是信息(话语或表达式)的表达。这一概念具有许多其他在不同语境下的含义。[1]此外,信息的概念密切相关的概念约束、通信、控制、数据、形式、指令、知识、意义,精神刺激,模式,感知的代表性,尤其是熵。)
2. How to measure information? 如何衡量信息？
Numerically, information is measured in bits (short for binary digit). One bit is equivalent to the choice between two equally likely choices. When there are several equally likely choices, the number of bits is equal to the logarithm of the number of choices taken to the base two.
The mathematical expression for information content closely resembles the expression for entropy in thermodynamics.
在数字上，使用位（是二进制数的缩写）来度量信息。一位表示在两个发生概率完全相同的选择中选择其一。当有几种相同的概率选择时，位数等于可选择数的以二为底的对数。
用于信息内容的数学表达式很类似于热动力学的熵的表达式。
record是什么意思中文3. What's the difference between data and information
∙ Data is raw material for data processing. data relates to fact, event and transactions. Data refers to unprocessed information.
∙ Information is data that has been processed in such a way as to be meaningful to the person who receives it. it is any thing that is communicated.

For example,researchers who conduct market research survey might ask a member of the public to complete questionnaires about a product or a service. These completed questionnaires are data; they are processed and analyze in order to prepare a report on the survey. This resulting report is information.
数据处理的数据是原材料。 数据涉及的事实、事件和交易。 数据指未处理的信息。 信息数据被处理方式有意义的接收它的人。 它是沟通的任何东西。 例如，进行市场调查的研究人员调查成员市民可能会问到有关产品或服务的完整问卷。 这些问卷数据；他们的处理和分析，以便编写报告的调查。 这个生成的报告的信息。
4. Roll-up access ,Roll-down access
5. BPR  business process reengineering(业务流程重组)
Business process reengineering means creatively applying information technology in business process reengineering and organization structure redesign of enterprise under the guidance of business process, and carrying out overall innovation in enterprise s organization and management.
业务过程重组是创造性地应用信息技术，以业务过程为导向，调整企业的各种业务流、组织结构，进行企业组织管理的全面创新。
6 CRM  客户关系管理（Customer Relation Management）
∙ Customer relation management (CRM) is a effective tool, by which enterprise is to deal with the relation to customers.
客户关系管理（CRM）是企业用来处理与客户之间关系的有效工具。
∙ Customer Relation Management (CRM) is a customer-centered marketing model designed to improve the relationship between businesses and customers with brand value as its ultimate end.
客户关系管理（CRM）是以客户为中心，旨在改善企业与客户关系的新型营销管理模式，品牌价值被作为客户关系管理的最高目标。
7. MIS管理信息系统(Management Information System)
Management information system (MIS) is unimportant platform for enterprise to implement informational construction,
管理信息系统（MIS） 是企业实施信息化建设的一个重要的基础平台，
Management information systems involve three primary resources: people, technology, and information or decision making.
管理信息系统包括三个主要的资源：人，技术，信息或决定的决策。
Its objective is to design and implement procedures, processes, and routines that provide suitably detailed reports in an accurate, consistent, and timely manner.
它的目标是设计和实施程序、过程、例程,提供适当的详细的报告在一个精确的、一致的和
及时的方式。
8. Management
Management is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively. Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal.
管理是让人们共同完成预期目标和目标，有效地利用现有资源的行为。管理包括计划，组织，人事，领导或指挥，控制组织（一组由一个或更多的人或实体）或为目的，努力实现一个目标。
Management is the control and organizing of a business or other organization.
管理是控制和组织的商业或其他组织。
9. Data
In computing, data is information that has been translated into a form that is more convenient to move or process.

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