(1)They can fish.当解释成他们会钓鱼时“can”是情态动词,“fish”是不及物动词,此句说的是一种能力。
当解释成他们做鱼罐头时,我们把“can”看成是及物动词,“fish”是名词。由于“can”和“fish”都有两个词性,
而且在这个句子中都能讲得通,因此产生了两种不同的解释。 (2)You will forget tomorrow.当解释成明天你就会把一切都忘记时,
“tomorrow”是副词,当解释成你会忘记明天发生的一切时,“tomorrow”是名词。
air n. 交易会 a. 公平合理的 fare n. 车船费 vi. 进展;过活 He brought the piglets to the fair to sell.他把小猪赶到集市上卖. Everybody must be given a fair share of the harvest.每个人得到的粮食数量应该是均等的. How much is the air fare to Tianjin?到天津的飞机票要多少钱? How did you fare in New York? 你在纽约过得怎么样? 2. principle n. 原理;原则 principal a. 主要的 Mr. Connors believes that truthfulness is the best principle. 克诺斯先生认为真理才是最好的原则. The scientist was the principal speaker at the meeting. 那位科学家是会议上的首要发言者. 3. coarse a. 粗糙的;粗鲁的;粗俗的 course n. 路线;课程 His coarse manners deserve to be criticized.他粗鲁的行为应该受到责备. Highway across the country is in course of construction. 横贯该国的一条公路正在建设之中. The president encouraged the students to take more courses. 校长鼓励学生们多修几门课程. 4. complement n. 补充物;使完备之物 compliment n. 恭维;问候 Lively conversation is a complement to a party. 欢快的谈话有助于聚会的气
氛. Give my compliments to your mother. 请代我向你妈妈问好. Thank you for your compliments. 谢谢您的夸奖. 5. council n. 委员会;理事会 counsel n. 商议;劝告v. 建议;劝告 The U.N. Security council consists of five countries.联合国安理会由五个国家组成. My father gave me a wise counsel and I followed it.父亲给我的忠告很明智,所以我听取了他的忠告. His brother counseled him to think carefully before making a decision. 他哥哥建议他做决定之前仔细考虑. 6. stationary a. 固定的;静止的 stationery n. 文具 The weatherman said that the warm front would be stationary for several days. 气象预报员说,暖锋将停滞数天不移动. Lucy wrote to her mother on the company's stationery. 露西用公司的信笺信封给妈妈写信. 7. peace n. 和平;安宁 piece n. 块;片;篇章;条 Peace was restored after a week of disturbance. 经过一周的骚乱又恢复了平静. Duke ate a piece of chocolate cake for dessert. 杜克用甜食时吃了一块巧克力. 8. desert v. 丢开;遗弃;开小差 dessert n. 餐后甜点 After deserting his post the soldier ran away from the camp. 那个战士从帐篷弃职而逃. We had apple pie for dessert last night.我们昨晚吃的甜食是苹果. 9. weat
her n. 天气;气象; whether conj. 是否;不管 Our flight was delayed because of unfavorable weather. 因天气问题,我们的航班晚点了. We do not know whether we will go away for our vacation or stay home. 是出外度假还是呆在家里我们一时拿不定主意. 10. lightning n. 闪电 lightening n. 轻松;减轻;发亮 The tall tree on the bank was struck by lightning. 岸边的高树遭了雷劈. Mr. Blare was invited to
be in charge of lightening of stage. 布莱尔先生被邀负责舞台的灯光设计. My heart began lightening when hearing the good news. 听到这个好消息我的心情开始轻松了
A heteronym is a "word having a different sounding and meaning but the same spelling." (minute - unit of time; minute - very small) 1. address My address is Easy Street. She will address the crowd. 2. bow She wears a bow in her hair. Bow to the audience at the end. 3. close Please close the door. She sat close to him. 4. content The content of the talk is simple. I am content to just stay home. 5. convert She is a convert to exercise. She will convert the machine. 6. digest You will digest your food in time. I never read Reader's Digest. 7. dove She dove into the water. The dove makes a cooing sound. 8. invalid She was an invalid in the hospital. Your license is invalid. 9. lead He will lead the parade. The metal lead is very heavy. 10. live Where do you live? It was a live snake. 11. minute I'll be with you in just a minute. The insect had minute legs. 12. object It was a valuable object. We would object if she went. 13. present We got a nice present from her. She will present the awards to all. 14. project Is your science project done? Project the movie on the screen. 15. read She likes to read books. She read a story to the boy. 16. record Let's record that movie. She bought a record album. 17. row The kids were all sitting in a row. They had a row over the noise. 18. sow We shall sow the wheat today. The old sow was in the pigpen. 19. subject The subject of my talk is autos. The
y will subject them to torture. 20. tear Don't shed a tear for her loss. Don't tear the photograph. 21. wind The wind blew strong last night. Wind the string on a stick. 22. wound He received a bullet wound. He wound up the rope. [/face][/size]
tear [tie] 眼泪 tear [tie] 撕裂 sow [seu] 播种 sow [sau] 母猪 minute [minit] 分钟 minute [mai nju:t] 微小的 还有:abstract, accent, affix, attribute, augment, compound, com-press, concert, conduct, confine, conflict, conscript, consort, construct, contest, contract, contrast, converse, convert, convict, de-crease, detail, digest, discard, discount, discourse, escort, export, extract, ferment, forecast, import, impress, incline, increase, insult, object, perfume, permit, pervert, prefix, present, produce, progress, protest, rebel, record, refill, re-fix, refund, regress, reject, segment, subject, suffix, survey, suspect, torment, trans-form, transplant, transport, upset
。
1由一词多义造成的歧义句
1. These are our guns. 句中的gun 可作“”或“炮”讲, 因此, 这句话离开上下文, 既可译为“这些是我们
的支”, 也可译为“这些是我们的大炮”。
2. He married her. 这句话含有“他娶了她”或“他把她嫁出去了”这两种意思, 可见marry 一词在不同语
境下含义不同。
3. He is ambit ious. 这句话中的ambit ious 具有不同的含义, 褒义是“雄心勃勃”, 贬义是“野心勃勃”。因
此, 离开语境, 此句可译成“他雄心勃勃”, 也可译成“他野心勃勃”。
4. That’s very naugh ty of you. 句中的naugh ty 一词用于小孩是“顽皮”的意思, 用于妇女则是“”的
意思, 因此, 这句话用于小孩是“你太顽皮了”, 用于妇女则是“你太下流了”。
2一词多义
英语的许多词都具有多义性如这个词在下列各句中就分别表示不同的意思。chair他坐在椅子上。他向会议主席致词。
他主持会议。他曾是中文教授。我昨天作了一次有关美国文学的讲座。他被送上了电椅。
scan我仔细阅读了此书或我粗略浏览了此书。
criminal他是位刑事律师或他是位犯了罪的律师。
laboring这是位劳动妇女或这是位正在分娩的妇女。
overlook警察忽略了检查小偷的衣袋或警察仔细地检查了小偷的衣袋。
overheard今天早晨, 我偷听到了他们的秘密谈话或今天早晨, 我无意中听到了他们的秘密谈话。
二、一词多性
3
4 英语中有许多词一词多义, 其所表示的各个意义, 分别与汉语中几个不同的词或词组对应。如p lay 这个词, 除了当
“戏剧”讲之外, 还与汉语的“比赛”相对应。例(1) That is really a wonderful p lay!那个话剧真不错! ?那场比赛真精彩!
例(2)M rs Ro se canno t bear ch ildren.罗斯夫人不能生小孩。?罗斯夫人对小孩难以忍受。避免歧义的办法是把前一句译成:
Mrs Rose is unable to give birth to ch ildren. 后一句译成:Mrs Rose cannot tolerate children.
英语词汇的兼词类性也是引起歧义的一个原因 例(4)M y elder bro ther doesn’t w rite very much.
此句中,much 的词性模棱两可, 既可定性为代词(许多,大量) , 又可定性为副词(常常) , 两种情况出现两种不同的解
释。much 用作代词,much 是w rite 的宾语, 含义为: 我哥哥信写得不多。(M y elder bro ther doesn’t w rite a very large
amount. ) b)much 用作副词, very much 是w rite 的状语, 含义为: 我哥哥不常常写信。(M y elder bro ther doesn’t w rite
very often. )
再看下面一例:
例(5) Tom is a sw eet salesman.
汤姆是一个让人喜欢的推销员。( sw eet 是形容词)
汤姆是个糖果推销员。( sw eet 是名词)
5 secretary draw
6 “They saw her duck. ”本句是指“他们看见过她的鸭子”还是指“他们看见她低下
头来(或弯下腰来) ”呢?
(1) The lamb is too hot to eat .
(2) She can not bear children.
句(1) 可以有两种解释:一种是“这小羊热得吃不下东西”,另一种是“这羊肉太烫了还不能吃”。本句产生歧义的原因就在于
lamb 一词既可指“小羊”也可指“羔羊肉”。
(3) John was looking for the glasses. (glasses 可以指”眼镜”, 也可以指“玻璃杯子”)
(4) Let me drive you to the bank. ( bank 可以指“银行”, 也可以指“河岸”
1. 2 因词义变化而引起的歧义
随着社会的发展,尤其是科学技术的日新月异,英语中许多词语的词义也随之发生了很大的变化。
英语中这种词义的变化表现在许多方面,如旧词被赋予新的意义、专门术语和普通词汇之间的交叉使用等等。请看下面的句子:
(6) Only some of the visitors gained admittance
into the clean room.
(7) At present many scientist s and technicians
are working hard to improve the recovery techniques.
句(6) 中的clean room 原为日常生活用语“洁净的房间”,但现在可以专指“(供制造精密零件用的)无尘室”。
如果不了解clean room 一词增添了新义,就很容易将句(6) 理解为:“只有一部分来宾获准进入这一洁净的房间。”
句(7) 中的recovery 原来是一个日常生活用词,指“恢复(健康等) ”。但是,自从发展空间技术以来, recovery 取得了新义,
指“人造卫星等的回收”、“溅落宇航员的载回”和“(舰载飞机的) 返航降落”等。此外, recovery 还取得了“(肥料
的) 回收”等新义。鉴于上述情况,句(7) 中的recovery techniques 指的是哪一方面的技术,如果没有上下文则很难确定。
再如我们所熟知的mouse (老鼠) 一词,现在计算机术语中表示“鼠标定位器”; coffin 一词来自希腊语,一向只指
“棺材(a box for burial) ”,但随着原子能科学研究的发展,现在可以用来指“运送放射性物质的重屏容器
( a thick2walled lead container in which radioactive materials are t ransported ) ”; 而scene 原来只是个戏剧用词,
表示“布景”,现在可以用来指各种“场面”。上述词语的词义变化使得其所在句子极易产生歧义。
1. 3 因英国英语与美国英语用法不同而引起的歧义英国英语和美国英语在发音、拼写、某些词语的习惯用法方面不尽相同。
就用词方面来说,由于某些词语在两国英语中的意义和用法不同,有时也会引起歧义。请看下面的句子:
(8) The project will cost a billion dollars. (9) NO GAS TODAY!
record是什么意思中文句(8) 中的billion 一词在美国表示“十亿”,而在英国则表示“万亿”。句(9) 中的gas 一词,对美国人来说通常是指
“汽油”(gasoline 一词的简称) , 也可指“煤气”。在美国,如果加油站(gas station) 暂时没有汽油供应,
就会挂出“NO GAS TODAY!”的告示牌。对
英国人来说,gas 通常指“煤气”, 而把“汽油”称为pet rol (全称是pet roleum) 。
9 (3)He is a suspicious man.(4)She took in the strange.例(3)中的suspicious 是一个多义词,它有“可疑的”和“多疑
的”两个意思,于是全句就有“他是一个可疑的人”和“他是一个多疑的人”两种不同的理解。例(4)中的took in 也是一个多义词,
句有“她把这个陌生人带进来了”、“她欺骗了这个陌生人”和“她留这个陌生人过夜”三种不同的理解。
“When does the baker follow his trade?”“Whenever he kneads the dough.”
该例就利用了need(需要)和knead(揉面)这一对同音异义词,并配上“dough”的多义(既作“生面”,又作为俚语的“钱”讲),
从而让读者或听者难以辨别出面包师到底是需要钱时就开始了生意,还是在他揉面时就开始了生意。
rain 和reign, sighs 和size 等,它们发音完全相同,只是拼写和意思不同
10 2. 1 词类不同的歧义类型
一个词兼属不同的词类叫兼类词。句子里有兼类词,句子就兼属不同的句式。这是引起这种类型歧义的主要原因。例如:
(1) They were relieved.
本例中relieved 可以理解为两种词性:形容词“感到宽慰的”和被动形式的动词“被救济”。因此,句子就兼属不同
的句式。翻译为: ①“他们感到宽慰。”②“他们被救济。”
(2) John was offended.
同样,本例中offended 可以理解为两种词性: 形容词“感到生气的”和被动形式的动词“被冒犯”。因此,句子就兼属不同的句式。
翻译为: ①“约翰感到生气。”②“约翰被冒犯了。”这种类型歧义比较容易理解和辨认,只要留意一个词
在词类上的不同而引起的意义上的差异就可以。
11 They passed the notice in the dark. (他们在暗中传递着通知。/ 他们在黑暗中传递着通知。)而有时一词会兼褒贬两义于一身,
如pride , proud ;envy , envious ; ambition , ambitious 等。仅以ambition为例:
Her ambition was to be a famous singer. (她的理想是成为著名的歌唱家。)
Hitler’ambition was to conquer the whole Europe.(希特勒的野心是要控制全欧洲。)
有时,词(组) 有本意和转义之别而引起歧义
We saw the light . (我们看见了灯。/ 我们明白了。)
He is well - known for his long face. (他因脸长而著名。/ 他因常闷闷不乐而著称。
6 、同音异形异义词所引起的歧义现象
由同音异形异义导致的歧义句子屡见不鲜。如英语中的flower 和flour , a sewing machine 和a sowing machine 同属此类现象。
当听到“I got the flower/ flour. ”听者就会有两种理解: ①我得到了花; ②我得到了面粉。He is sowing now. (他正在播种。)
和He issewing now. (他正在做缝纫活。)英语中,由于同音异义现象产生的歧义不胜枚
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