一.翻译的性质
1.翻译是一种语言活动的过程。
2.翻译也是一种文化活动。语言是文化的载体是文化的反映。
3.翻译和原文写作一样也是一门艺术,但译者所要表达的不是自己的思想,而是原作者的思想。
二.翻译的标准
严复 信、达、雅
对翻译初学者的要求:
1 忠实: 首先要忠实于原文/其次保持原有的风格——即
原作的民族风格、时代风格、语体风格、作者
个人的语言风格等。
2 通顺: 即指译文语言必须通顺易懂,符合规范。
3 忠实是翻译标准中的首要问题, 它对原作的内容、风格、语言应有全面的照顾。比如:
3.翻译的过程
1. 理解词义与语法
1.). It will strengthen you to know that your distinguished career is so widely respected and appreciated.
人们如此广泛地认同并欣赏你那与众不同的经历,明白这一点将使你更有底气。
2). John is now with his parents in New York City; it is already three years since he was a bandmaster. (乐队指挥) 约翰现在同父母呆在纽约城。他当乐队指挥已有三年了。
3).Suddenly the line(队伍) went limp(adj. 无力的,没精神的). “I am going back,”said Kurth. 队伍忽然变得没精神。“我回去了。”科斯说道。
“We must have a break somewhere. Wait for me. I will be back in five minutes.
* 1 前线有什么情况?
* 2 现在情况不同了。
* 3 我们可能去那儿,那得看情况而定。
2. 理解文化词语
1). The missiles were already in Cuba, and all we would be doing with a blockade would be "closing the door after the horse had left the barn."
译文:1.导弹已经在古巴了,我们用封锁的办法只不过是“亡羊补牢”。
2.导弹已经在古巴了,我们用封锁的办法只不过是“贼走关门,于事无补”了。
2). Even since Mr. Reagan's inauguration, the White House had consistently regarded Israeli attacks across the Lebanese border as justifiable "hot pursuit" and "self-defense".
译文:1.自从里根先生就职以来,白宫始终认为以列越过黎巴嫩边界的攻击是正当的“不
断追求”和“自我辩护”。
2. 自从里根先生就职以来,白宫始终认为以列越过黎巴嫩边界的攻击是正当的
“步步紧追”和“自我防卫”。
3). 只因生得妩媚风流,满学中都送了两个外号:一个叫“香怜”,一个叫“玉爱”。
译文:1.But on account of their good looks and charm they were nicknamed Sweetie and Lovely.
2. .......because of their glamorous looks and affected manners, they were universally known by the nickname of Darling and Precious.
注:出自《红楼梦》,同性恋在满清已经是一种很盛行的风气,即使连小孩也知晓。
最典型的,莫过于贾宝玉和秦钟在贾府公学上学一节
3. 表达
1). The delegate of a certain country challenged the other developed countries to match his country's contribution.(捐款)
译文:1.某国代表向其他发达国家挑战,作出数额相当的捐款。
2.某国代表和其他发达国家较劲,要求它们作出数额相当的捐款。
2). He studied law in his spare time and became a lawyer. He was a good speaker and student of political philosophy. His ability finally made a name for him.
译文:1.他利用业余时间研究法律,后来当了律师。他是个卓越的演说家和政治家。他的才
能最终使他出了名。
2.他利用业余时间研究法律,后来当了律师。他口才很好,还精通政治哲学。他的才
能最终使他出了名。
3). And with all her advantages, natural and domestic, she was now in great danger of suffering from intellectual solitude.
译文:1.她虽然具备一切天生的家庭优越条件,但现在却大有智力上的孤独之虞(忧虑)了。
2.尽管她先天条件不错,家境又好,但现在却深感精神上的孤独。
4). 这是民国六年的冬天,大北风刮得正猛,我因为生计关系,不得不一早在路上走。
译文:1.It's the winter of 1917. The wind was blowing hard, but I had to walk in the street to make
a living.
2. It happened during the winter of 1917. A bitter north wind was blowing but, to make a
living, I had to be up and out early.
5). 佃民家庭的生活自然是很苦的。可是由于母亲的聪明能干,却舒服。
译文:1.The life of a tenant farmer's family was of course hard, but we somehow managed to
scrape along (勉强过活)because mother was a clever and able woman.
2.The life of a tenant farmer's family was of course hard, but it was somehow comfortable
because mother was a clever and able woman.
第二章 确定词义 表达得体
3)确定词义
确定词义,首先学习一下英语词汇在汉语里的对应程度,以及汉语词汇在英语中的对应程度。
(一)英语中有些词表达的意义,在汉语中可以到完全对应的词汇。它们的意义在任何上下文中都完全相等。这些通常是一些专有名词,术语和日常生活中一些事物的名称。
The U S start apartment 美国国务院
The pacific ocean 太平洋
Computational linguistics 计算机语言学
Tuberculosis 结核病
Helicopter 直升机
Minibus 英汉互译翻译小型公共汽车
台风 联合国 外交部
(二)英语中有些词汇和汉语中的有些词的词义只是部分对应。他们在意义上的概括范围有广狭之分。如
marriage gun sister morning
汉语中的一些词也同样,“农业是国民经济的基础” 应该是“Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy.” 这里的农业是广义的农业经济,所以用这个单词。但是“农林牧副渔互相结合的方针”这里的农业指耕种的农业,而不是农业经济,所以应该是farming。整个句子是“the principle of combining farming, forestry, animal husbandry(畜牧业), side-occupations and fishery”
(三) 英语中有些词所表示的意义,目前在汉语里还不到最后确定的对应词来表达。
Mascon (表示月球表层下面高密度的) 物质聚集
Beddo (一种多用途的)床
Overkill (核弹超过军事目的的)过度杀伤力
Plumber (形成于“五角大楼文件”泄密事件后白宫设立的专门特工机构,调查美国政府雇员泄密事件的特工)
文房四宝 the four treasures of the study(writing brush, ink stick, ink stone and paper) 站票 standing-room-only tickets 特困生 the most needy student 三八红旗手 a woman pace-setter 三教九流 people in various trade 一穷二白 poor and blank 乌纱帽 an official post 五星红旗 the Five _starred Red Flag
(四) 英汉语中有许多词一词多义,其所表示的各个意义,分别与汉语中几个不同的的词或词组对应。如SOFT这个词,就具有很多的词义。如:
a soft aboveground launching site 无坚固掩体的地面发射基地
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