施⼯组织设计外⽂翻译参考⽂献
施⼯组织设计外⽂翻译参考⽂献(⽂档含中英⽂对照即英⽂原⽂和中⽂翻译)
施⼯组织设计的重要性
摘要：
建筑⼯程在施⼯过程中，施⼯组织⽅案的优劣不仅直接影响⼯程的质量，对⼯期及施⼯过程中的⼈员安全也有重要影响。施⼯组织是项⽬建设和指导⼯程施⼯的重要技术经济⽂件。能调节施⼯中⼈员、机器、原料、环境、⼯艺、设备、⼟建、安装、管理、⽣产等⽭盾，要对施⼯组织设计进⾏监督和控制，才能科学合理的保证⼯程项⽬⾼质量、低成本、少耗能的完成。
关键词：
项⽬管理施⼯组织⽅案重要性
施⼯组织设计就是对⼯程建设项⽬整个施⼯过程的构思设想和
具体安排，是施⼯组织管理⼯作的核⼼和灵魂。其⽬的是使⼯程速度快、质量好、效益⾼。使整个⼯程在施⼯中获得相对的最优效果。
1．编制施⼯组织设计重要性的原因
建筑⼯程及其施⼯具有固定性与流动性、多样性与单件性、形体庞⼤与施⼯周期长这三对特点。所以，每⼀建筑⼯程的施⼯都必须进⾏施⼯组织设计。这是因为：其它⼀般⼯业产品的⽣产都有着⾃⼰固定的、长期适⽤的⼯⼚。⽽建筑施⼯具有流动性的特点，不可能建⽴这样的⼯⼚，只能是当每⼀个建筑⼯程施⼯时，建⽴⼀个相应的、临时性的，如同⼯⼚作⽤性质的施⼯现场准备，即⼯地。施⼯单件性特点与施⼯流动性特点，决定了每⼀建筑⼯程施⼯都要选择相应的机具和劳动⼒组织。选择施⼯⽅法、拟定施⼯技术⽅案及其劳动⼒组织和机具配置，统称为施⼯作业能⼒配置。施⼯周期的特点，决定了各种劳动⼒、机具和众多材料物资技术的供应时间也⽐较长，这就产⽣了与施⼯总进度计划相适应的物资技术的施⼯组织设计内容。由此可见，施⼯组织设计在项⽬管理中是相当重要的。
2．施⼯组织设计⽅案的重要性
建筑产品作为⼀种商品，在项⽬管理中⼯程质量在整个施⼯过程中起着极其重要的作⽤。⼯程建设项⽬的施⼯组织设计与其⼯程造价有着密切的关系。施⼯组织设计基本的内容有：⼯程概况和施⼯条件的分析、施⼯⽅案、施⼯⼯艺、施⼯进度计划、施⼯总平⾯图。还有经济分析和施⼯准备⼯作计划。其中，施⼯⽅案及施⼯⼯艺的确定更为重要，如：施⼯机械的选择、⽔平运输⽅法的选择、⼟⽅的施⼯⽅
法及主体结构的施⼯⽅法和施⼯⼯艺的选择等等，均直接影响着⼯程预算价格的变化。在保证⼯程质量和满⾜业主使⽤要求及⼯期要求的前提下，优化施⼯⽅案及施⼯⼯艺是控制投资和降低⼯程项⽬造价的重要措施和⼿段。
2.1施⼯组织⽅案在很⼤程度上影响着⼯程质量，因此合理的施⼯组织⽅案不仅是确保⼯程顺利完成的基础，也是⼯程安全的依据。施⼯组织设计是建筑⼯程设计⽂件的重要组成部分，是编制⼯程投资概预算的主要依据和编制招投标⽂件的主要参考依据。因此，认真做好施⼯组织设计，对于正确确定⼯程造价、降低⼯程投资，从⽽有利控制⼯程造价将有⼗分重要的作⽤。
2.2施⼯组织⽅案是对施⼯活动实⾏科学管理的重要⼿段，它具有战略部署和战术安排的双重作⽤。它体现了实现基本建设计划和设计的要求，提供了各阶段的施⼯准备⼯作内容，协调施⼯过程中各施⼯⼯区，各施⼯⼯种，各项⾃愿之间的相互关系。施⼯组织⽅案必须能够根据⼯程产品的特点和要求，根据现有的和可能争取到的施⼯条件，从实际出发，决定各种⽣产要素的基本结合⽅式，不切实解决问题，就不可能进⾏任何⽣产。
3．施⼯组织设计的指标计算和分析
⽬前施⼯组织设计应建⽴哪些指标还不统⼀，计算⽅法也不规范。由于它是评价施⼯组织设计整体效果和评价执⾏状况的尺度，也是对承建⼯程施⼯的单位(项⽬部)⽣产经营管理⽔平和效果进⾏考核的依
据。应予重视，提出如下意见。
3．1 指标体系。指标体系的设置要尽量反映施⼯组织设计⽬标达到的⽔平，为评价、考核、执⾏提供⽅便。
3．2 指标计算。(1)施⼯准备期。从现场准备开始到正式⼯程开⼯的全部时间。(2)单位⼯程⼯期。由单位⼯程施⼯进度计划安排的施⼯期。(3)劳动⼒不均衡系数。施⼯期⾼峰⼈数与平均⼈数之⽐。
(4)降低成本额。技术组织措施降低成本的价格成果。(5)降低成本率。降低成本额占承包成本的百分⽐。(6)施⼯机械化程度。机械施⼯完成产值与⼯程承包造价之⽐。(7)⼯⼚化施⼯程度。预制⼚(采砂场、采⽯场)完成的产值与⼯程承包造价之⽐。(8)临时⼯程投资⽐例。全部临时⼯程投资与⼯程承包造价之⽐。(9)临时⼯程费⽤⽐例。全部临时⼯程消耗费⽤减回收费与⼯程承包造价之⽐。
3．3 指标分析。施⼯组织设计指标与同类⼯程历史实际⽔平相⽐，可以评价施⼯组织设计效果；不同施⼯组织设计⽅案的指
标对⽐，可以优选⽅案；分析以往历次同类⼯程的各项指标的加权数值，可以作为今后再次投标的参考依据。
4．施⼯组织设计的管理
随着社会主义市场经济的建⽴，建筑市场的竞争⽇趋激烈，客观形势对施⼯企业的要求越来越⾼。不仅在技术装备、⼈员素质、施⼯组织者⽅⾯提出较⾼的要求，⽽且⼯程经济管理⼯作中有关⼯程预结算也⾯临新的挑战。严谨建筑市场形势下，有些施⼯企业没有积极采取应对措施，对员⼯的专业技术没有更新、培训。科学技术管理⽔平相当落后。加上对编制审核施⼯组织设计没有引起⾜够的重视。因此
就会出现以下⼏种常见的情况：
4.1开⼯前没有编制审核施⼯组织设计：不搞施⼯平⾯布置图，材料乱堆乱放。⼟⽅运出运进、机械设备、劳动⼒需求⽆计划、⼯程质量、安全施⼯⽆保证措施。造成窝⼯浪费现象严重，管理⽔平较低。
4.2是否是专业⼈员编制施⼯组织设计：为应付上级部门及监理单位、甲⽅检查⽽给施⼯员或资料员代编施⼯组织设计。因为资料根本对现在的施⼯管理不了解⽽⼜是领导最近安排的，不得不胡乱编造，应付了事。
4.3施⼯组织设计编制⽔平低：有的施⼯单位，不明⽩施⼯组织在施⼯过程中的重要性，写⼀写各分项施⼯⼯艺、画张平⾯布置图、⼯程进度计划表，便认为是施⼯组织设计了。
4.4要技术弃经济：相当多的施⼯企业单位在编制施⼯组织设计时。只重视施⼯组织当中的各分项⼯程的技术措施。没有考虑分项⼯程经济指标⽅⾯内容，导致⼯程竣⼯结算时纠纷不断，蒙受经济损失。
因此，要对施⼯组织设计进⾏管理：
（1）实⾏动态管理
⼯程施⼯过程中，不可避免地会遇到意想不到的各种问题，如设计变更、⾃然因素等影响，各阶段施⼯进程的变化造成现场⽅案的调整，因此必须根据变化了的现场实际进⾏动态管理，对施⼯组织设计中不适宜部分进⾏必须的修改、补充、优化，以达到既定的建设⽬标。
（2）实⾏分层管理
项⽬法施⼯的推⾏，管理层与作业层分离，以及固定⼯⼈逐步
减少的情况，势必引出总承包与分包的现象，中标单位从过去的直接管理、直接技术交底，变为间接管理、间接技术交底，因此应根据施⼯组织设计进⾏分层管理，明确总包与分包单位、管理层与作业层的技术权限、职责与⼯作程序。
5．结语
在项⽬的施⼯中，⼀定要对施⼯组织设计进⾏监督和控制，确保项⽬的施⼯有序，防⽌施⼯组织设计流于形式。施⼯组织设计是⼯程质量、安全、进度的保障有⼒措施。在⼀定的资源条件下实现⼯程的技术经济效益，达到施⼯效益与经济效益双赢的⽬的。
Importance of construction organization design
Summary:
Construction work in the construction process, the construction organization scheme will not only directly affect project quality, duration and safety also has an important impact in the construction process. Construction organization projects and mentoring in construction of key technical and economic documents. Can regulate the construction people, machines, materials, environment, technology, equipment, construction, installation, management, production and other conflicts , monitoring and control of the construction organization design , scientific and reasonable assurance the completion of project of high quality, low cost, low energy consumption.
Key words:
Project management construction management programme the importance
Construction organization design is the idea of the whole construction process of engineering construction project ideas and specific arrangements, organization and management of construction work is the heart and soul. Its aim is to enable high speed, high quality, efficiency. Engineering-best results when working in construction as a whole.
1． Because of the importance of preparation of construction organization design
Architectural engineering and construction with a fixed and liquidity, diversity and one-piece, form a large and long construction period the three characteristics. Therefore, each construction engineering construction organization design of
construction must be carried out. This is because other general industrial products have their own fixed, long-term application factories. Building construction is characterized by mobility, impossible to build such a plant, only when each of the construction, and establishing an appropriate, provisional, as factory construction site preparation, namely, site. Construction characteristics and construction of single pieces of mobility features, decided to select appropriate equipment for each construction and labor organizations. Construction technology of construction method of selecting, developing programmes and labour organizations and equipment configuration, collectively known as operation capacity configuration. Construction cycle features determines the labour supply of many material, equipment and technology is a long time, which raises the total progress plan of construction material that is appropriate for the construction organization design of technology content. It can be seen that is of considerable importance in construction organization design in project management.
design翻译
2.Importance of construction organization design
Construction products as a commodity and engineering quality in project management plays a vital role in the entire construction process. Construction organization design and engineering cost of construction projects has a close relationship. Construction organization design of basic content: project overview and analysis of construction conditions, implementation plan, construction technology, construction progress plan and general plan of construction. Further economic analysis and construction preparation plans. , Scheme and construction technology in construction of more important , such as : levels of selection, selection of transport method of construction machinery, earth-moving construction method and construction method and construction technology of main structure of choice and so on , are directly affecting the estimated project price changes. In ensuring project quality and meet the owners subject to the requirements and duration requirements , optimizing construction scheme and construction technology are important measures to control investment and reduce project cost and means.
2.1Construction organization scheme is to a large extent affect project quality, reasonable construction programme is not only to ensure that the basis for successful completion of the construction, safety basis. Construction organization design is an important part of construction design documents,
is the main basis for preparation of the project investment budget and preparation of tender documents, the main frame of reference. Therefore, good job in construction organization design, correctly determine project cost, reduce engineering investment, thus enabling to control project cost would have
a very important role.
2.2Construction organization plan of construction activities is an important means of implementing scientific management, it has the dual role of strategic deployment and tactical arrangements. It reflects the requirements of implementing the capital master plan and design provides all phases of construction preparation, coordination of construction during the construction project, the construction trade, the relationship between voluntary. Construction organization scheme must be according to the product's characteristics and requirements, based on existing and possible securing construction conditions, realistic, determine how the basic combination of various factors of production, does not solve problems, it is impossible for any production.
3 Construction design calculation and analysis of indicators
Construction organization design should be to establish which indicators are not unified, calculation o
r specification. Because it is the evaluation of construction organization

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