貌似分词的介词
英语中的一些词是以-ing结尾的,貌似现在分词(除during,notwithstanding尽管; 虽然 和pending直到,在等待…期间 等外,其余的却是由v+ing构成的)但这类词在意义和用法上与同形的动词或分词完全不同,而且还不要求明确自己的逻辑主语,一些语法学家把它们称作分词介词或把它们归于边缘介词之列。下面从语义和用法上对这一类词作一归纳。
一、表示对象概念的介词(concerning,considering,regarding,respecting,touching)
1.concerning:意为“关于”、“就……来说”(with regard to,with reference to),一般用于较正式的文体或场合。例如:
We still have no information concerning her whereabouts.关于她的下落,我们仍无消息。
Concerning your letter,I am pleased to inform you that your plans have been approved.
2.considering:意为“考虑到”或“鉴于”,“就……而论”(taking…into consideration,in view of)。例如:
Considering her age,she looks quite young.就她的年龄而论,她显得十分年轻。
That is not so bad,considering the circumstance.考虑到实际情况,那还算不错。
3.regarding:意为“关于,至于”(with reference to,about)。例如:
Similar statements may be made regarding the properties of sound waves.关于声波的性质也可以作类似的说明。
We have confidence regarding the future of reform.关于改革的前途,我们是有信心的。
4.respecting:意为“关于、说到、鉴于”(relating to,concerned with)。例如:
A discussion arose respecting the merits of different automobiles.关于各种汽车的优点引起了一场争论。
Respecting the fact that the accused was a minor,the charges were dropped.鉴于该被告是未成年人这一事实,便免于起诉。
5.touching:意为“关于”、“针对”(concerning,about),例如:
She asked many questions touching my family and school.她问了我许多关于家庭和学校的问题。
The municipal authorities issued a notice touching the regulation for the traffic of motor-vehicles.市政当局发布了一项有关机动车辆规定的通告。
二、表示排除概念的介词(excepting,excluding,saving,barring):
1.excepting:意为“除外”,后多接名词、代词。例如:
Everyone,not excepting myself,must share the blame.人人都应该承担责任,我自己也不例外。
Excepting Christmas we did not have one really pleasant holiday.除了圣诞节,我们没有过一个真正愉快的假日。
2.excluding:意为“不计算在内”;“不考虑”;“不计”(not including,not counting,leaving out of account)。例如:
There were thirty present excluding myself.不算我,出席者30人。
The train has fifteen cars,excluding the baggage and mail ones.这列火车,除行李车和邮车外,共15节车厢。
与excluding词义相反的介词为including,由其构成的短语多出现在句末,常用逗号与句子其他部分隔开,起到补充说明的作用。例如:
China possesses rich mineral deposits,including gold.中国拥有丰富的矿藏,包括黄金。
3.saving:意为“除外”(with the exception of)。例如:
The composition is very well written,saving that there are a few spelling mistakes.除有几个拼写错误外,这篇作文写得很好。
Saving a few stones,nothing remains of the building.除了几块石头外,这座建筑什么也没留下。
4.barring:意为“除外”。相当于excepting或excluding,现代英语中不常见。例如:
He will come back tonight barring accidents.除非发生事情,他今晚会回来的。
Nobody else knows barring you and me.除你我以外,没别人知道。
三、表示假设概念的介词(failing,wanting):
1.failing:意为pending“如果没有”(in the absence of,without)。例如:
Failing your help,they would never have done it.要是没有你的帮助,他们就绝对办不成。
Failing good weather, the lecture will be held indoors.如果天气坏,讲演改在室内举行。
2.wanting:意为“没有”或“缺乏”(without)。例如:
Wanting courage,victory is impossible.没有勇气就无法取得胜利。
Wanting common honesty,a man can do nothing.如果缺乏诚实,必将一事无成。
四、表示原因概念的介词(owing to)
owing to:意为“因为、由于”(because of,on account of)。例如:
Owing to the drought,crops are short.因为天旱收成不好。
Owing to the rain,the basketball game has been cancelled.因为下雨,这场蓝球赛已被取消了。
五、
10.notwithstanding虽然,尽管……仍(是很正式的用语,常见于公文中)
Notwithstanding an unusual flow of company,the master of the wine -shop was not visible.
虽然人们来往异常频繁,酒铺主人并没有出现。
11.following在……以后
Following the conference,the methods were put into use on a large scale.
会议之后,这些方法被广为推广。
12.pending在……以前,在……期间
Maximum sentence was handed down but the defendants were eventually bailed pending the appeal.
最高判决已经宣布,但最后被告在上诉期间全部得到保释。
13.given如果考虑到,假定
Given their inexperience,they have done a good job.
考虑到他们缺乏经验,这个工作他们做得不错。
14 compared with / to “将……与……比较”,用作介词。例:
Compared with / to her mother, she is tall.
15. owing to “由于……因为……”,用作介词。 seeing ( that )“由于……;既然……;因为……”,用作连词。例:
Owing to unfavorable weather, I was unable to carry on with it.
由于天气不好,我不能把它进行下去。
Seeing ( that ) he is ill, he's unlikely to come.
由于生病的缘故,他可能不来了。
16. judging from / by ( =to judge by )“由……来判断”,用作介词。例:
Judging from / by what he said, he must be an honest man.
由他所说的来判断,他一定是个诚实的人。
Judging from / by his accent, he must be from Guangdong province.
从他的口音来判断,他一定来自广东。
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