跨文化交际名词解释
Give definitions to the following
(1)Intercultural communication: Face-to-face communication between peopl e
from differing cultural backgrounds.
(2)Intracultural communication: Shared interpersonal communication(人际交际)
between members of the same culture.
(3)Host culture: The mainstream culture in any one particular country.
(4)Minority culture: cultural groups that are small er in numerical terms in
relation to the host culture.
(5)Subculture (co-culture): A small er, possibly nonconformist（不遵循社会常规的
人）, subgroup with the host culture.
(6)Multiculturalism: The official recognition of a country’s cultural and ethnic
diversity.
(7)Cross-cultural communication: Face to face communication between
representatives of business, government and professional groups from different cultures.
(8)Perception（感知）: Perception is the means by which we make sense of our
physical and social world.
(9)Individualism: individualism refers to the d octrine（教义）that the interests of
the individual are or ought to be paramount（至上的）, and that all values, rights and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative（主动权）, ind epend ence，individual expression, and even privacy.
(10)Coll ectivism: Coll ectivism means greater emphasis on the views, needs
and goals of the in-group rather than oneself; social norms(标准，规范) and duty d efined by the in-group rather than behavior to get pl easure; beliefs shared with the in-group rather than beliefs that distinguished self from in-group and great readiness to cooperate with in-group members.
(11)Power distance: Power distance refers to the extent to which a society
accepts that power, in relationships, institutions and organizations are distributed unequally.
(12)Context: Information that surrounds an event; it is inextricably（免不了
的）bound up with the meaning of the event.
(13)High-context communication: A high- context communication or
message is one in which most of the information is ready in the person, while very little is in the cod ed, explicitly（明白的）transmitted part of the information.
(14)Low-context communication: Low-context communication or message isgenerated
one in which little information is ready in the person, whil e most is in the cod ed, inexplicitly transmitted part of the information.
(15)High-context culture: Most of the information lies either in the setting or
in the peopl e who are part of the interaction. Very little information is actually contained in the verbal message.
(16)Low-context cultures: The verbal message contains most of the
information and very little is embed d ed（嵌入）in the context or the participants.
(17)Activity orientation（活动观）: Activity orientation is the way a culture
views activity. There common mod es of activity expressions are: being orientation（存在观）, being-in-becoming orientation and d oing orientation.
(18)Nonverbal communication: Nonverbal communication involves all those
nonverbal stimuli（刺激）in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receive.
(19)Paralanguage（副语言）: Paralanguage involves the linguistic el ements of
speech that is, how something is said and not the actual meaning of the spoken words. Most classifications divid e paralanguage into 3 kinds of vocalizations（发声）: vocal characterizers, vocal qualifiers and vocal segregates.
(20)M-time: Peopl e in M-time culture tend to think of time as something fixed
in nature, something around us and from which we cannot escape; an ever-present part of the environment. They see time as lineal, segmented and managed.
(21)P-time: For P-time culture, time is l ess tangibl e and hence feelings of
wasted time are not as prevalent as in M-time culture.

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