静态与动态
（Static vs. Dynamic）
~lecture 6~
Riddle-A-Class
☐A farmer combined 2 compost heaps with 3 others. How many compost heaps does he have?
one
☐英语倾向于多用名词，因而叙述呈静态；汉语倾向于多用动词，因而叙述成动态。英语的静态倾向，主要表现在以下几个方面：☐一．名词化：指用名词来表达原来属于动词（或形容词）所表达的概念，便于表达比较复杂的思想内容。
☐The doctor arrived extremely quickly and examined the patient uncommonly carefully; the result was that he recovered very speedily.
☐The doctor’s extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery.
☐医生迅速到达，并非常仔细的检查了病人，因此病人很快就康复了。
二．用名词表示施事者，以代替动词
☐大量由动词派生的名词表示施事者，又保留原来动词的意义。常与前置形容词构成静态结构：
☐  a hard worker = someone who works hard 工作勤奋的人
☐  a slow walker = someone who walks slowly 走路很慢的人
☐  a good thief = someone who thieves well 很会偷窃的人
☐  a bad sailor = someone who often gets seasick 会晕船的人
二.用名词表示施事者，以代替动词
postman的中文翻译
☐汉语由动词加后缀构成的名词（读者、教师、打字员、观察家、修理工）
用来指人，不再表示行为和动作，因而英语这类名词往往要转换成汉语动词
☐He is a good eater and a good sleeper.
☐他能吃能睡。
☐He is a young and rapid writer.
☐他是个笔头快的年轻人。
☐He was a nonsmoker and a teetotaler.
☐他既不抽烟也不喝酒。
二.用名词表示施事者，以代替动词
☐You must be a very bad learner, or else you must have a very bad teacher.
☐你一定不善于学习，要不然就是教你的人很不会教。
☐5．She is the best hater I’ve ever known. How she got to hate me so much!
☐我所认识的人当中，她最会记仇。她怎么变得那么恨我呢？
☐6．I used to be a bit of a fancier myself.
☐过去我也常常有点喜欢胡思乱想。
二.用名词表示施事者，以代替动词
☐7．He is a lover of pop music.
☐他喜欢流行音乐。
☐8．You’re all clock-watchers today!
☐你们今天老是看着钟表等待下班啊！
☐9．Since he lost his job, he’s been a loner.
☐他失业以后，就很不合了。
☐10．He is the murderer of his boss.
☐他谋杀了老板。
二.用名词表示施事者，以代替动词
☐11．He has been the ruler of the region for as long as twenty years.
☐他统治那个地区长达20年之久。
☐12．Mary is a good learner .
☐玛莉善于学习。
☐13．He was a good listener and they would like to talk with him.
☐他能倾听别人的意见，因此他们喜欢同他谈心。
二.用名词表示施事者，以代替动词
☐14．Peter is a bad sailor.
☐彼得晕船。
☐15．Cardiovascular disease is American number one killer.
☐在美国，死于心血管疾病的人数高居榜首。
三．用名词代替形容词，构成标题式短语。
☐报刊标题为了节约版面，尽量略去虚词和其他次要的词，把具有刺激性的词语挤压在一起，因而名词连用变成了一种“free-and-easy habit”. ☐Sino-American Trade Review Talks Start
☐中美贸易回顾会谈开始
☐January Crude Oil Output Beats Target
☐一月份原油产量超过指标
☐500-Metre-Long Flood Prevention Dyke Built
☐五百米长的防洪坝建成
结构简化，表达方便，词数少而信息量大，使用范围已超过报刊标题
☐gold reserve
☐黄金储备
☐generation gap 代沟
☐figure control problem
☐保持优美身材的问题
☐job opportunity discrimination
☐就业机会歧视
名词连用或复合名词在科技英语里尤其常见
☐space shuttle flight test program
☐航天飞机试飞计划
☐computer programming teaching device manual ☐计算机编程教学方法手册
☐satellite communications ground station equipment repairer
☐卫星通讯地面站设备维修人员
四．名词优势造成介词优势
☐英语常用介词短语取代动词短语，即以“静”代“动”。
☐Their worries are behind them.
☐他们的烦恼已过去
☐He has someone behind him.
☐有人给他撑腰。
☐The machine is in operation.
☐机器正在运行。
☐Is this train for Chicago?
☐这趟火车是开往芝加哥的吗？
“名词+ 介词”常见于弱式短语，
☐往往削弱或淡化原来所要表达的动词、形容词和其他词语的意义，使叙述曲折迂回，因而增强了静态感。
☐undertake a study of (study) take into consideration (consider) of a kindly nature (kind)
☐conduct an investigation into (investigate) due to the fact that (because)
☐beyond the shadow of a doubt ( certain ) on two separate occasions (twice)
五. 动词的弱化与虚化
☐英语中最常用的动词正是动作意味最弱的动词to be, 其各种形式（包括must be, may be, should have been）都缺乏动态感。由it 或there 与be 构成的句式其静态意味更加明显
☐There was a tropical storm off the east coast of Florida. ☐佛罗里达东海岸有一场热带风暴。
☐  A tropical storm lashed the east coast of Florida.
☐一场热带风暴袭击了佛罗里达东海岸。
五. 动词的弱化与虚化
☐除了be之外，have, become, grow, feel, go, come, get, do 等也是英语常用的弱势动词。
☐英语还常常把动词转化或派生成名词，置于虚化动词之后作其宾语，如：have a look, take a walk, make attempts, pay visits, do some damages, put up a proposal
等。这类动词短语显得虚弱而平淡无味
五. 动词的弱化与虚化
☐After he had a quarrel with his boss, Jack quit.
☐After he quarreled with his boss, Jack quit.
☐杰克与老板争吵之后便辞职了。
☐(do shopping, do some washing)
☐The combine does the harvesting of the grain.
☐The combine harvests the grain.
☐联合收割机收割谷物
六．用形容词或副词来表达动词的意义
☐英语常用动词的同源形容词与弱化动词相结合的方式表达动词的意义。☐1．I am doubtful whether he is still alive. (doubt, live)
☐我怀疑他是否还活着。
☐2．The teacher thanked her pupils because they are very cooperative. (cooperate well)
☐学生合作得很好，老师想学生表示感谢。
☐3．The doctor felt sympathetic with his patients.
(sympathize)
☐医生同情他的病人。
六．用形容词或副词来表达动词的意义
☐  4. This program was not popular with all of the troops. ☐并不是所有军队的人都喜欢这个计划。
☐  5. He is content with such kind of life.
☐他满足于这样的生活。
☐  6. John is quite familiar with the machine.
☐约翰十分熟悉这台机器的性能。
☐7. An acquaintance with the modern Chinese history is helpful to the study of Chinese
revolution.
☐了解一下中国近代史，对研究中国革命是有帮助的。
六．用形容词或副词来表达动词的意义
☐Support---supportive, thank—thankful, create--- creative, sleep—asleep
☐英语里表示心里或生理感觉的形容词以及其他形容词也常常与弱势动词构成系表结构，表达相当于动词的意义。

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