Django（74）drf-spectacular⾃动⽣成接⼝⽂档
介绍
drf-spectacular是为Django REST Framework⽣成合理灵活的OpenAPI 3.0模式。它可以⾃动帮我们提取接⼝中的信息，从⽽形成接⼝⽂档，⽽且内容⼗分详细，再也不⽤为写接⼝⽂档⽽⼼烦了
这个库主要实现了3个⽬标
从DRF中提取更多的schema信息
提供灵活性，使schema在现实世界中可⽤(不仅仅是⽰例)
⽣成⼀个与最流⾏的客户端⽣成器配合良好的schema
环境准备
Python >= 3.6
Django (2.2, 3.1, 3.2)
Django REST Framework (3.10, 3.11, 3.12)
安装
使⽤pip命令安装
pip install drf-spectacular
然后在settings.py的INSTALLED_APPS安装drf-spectacular
INSTALLED_APPS = [
# ALL YOUR APPS
'drf_spectacular',
]
最后向DRF注册我们壮观的AutoSchema
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
# YOUR SETTINGS
'DEFAULT_SCHEMA_CLASS': 'drf_spectacular.openapi.AutoSchema',
}
drf-spectacular有健全的默认设置，⾮常好⽤开箱即⽤，不需要指定任何设置，但我们建议⾄少指定⼀些元数据
SPECTACULAR_SETTINGS = {
'TITLE': 'API接⼝⽂档',
'DESCRIPTION': '项⽬详情介绍',
'VERSION': '1.0.0',
# OTHER SETTINGS
}
使⽤⽅式
我们只需要在urls.py中添加接⼝地址即可
from drf_spectacular.views import SpectacularAPIView, SpectacularRedocView, SpectacularSwaggerView
urlpatterns = [
# YOUR PATTERNS
path('api/schema/', SpectacularAPIView.as_view(), name='schema'),
# Optional UI:
path('api/schema/swagger-ui/', SpectacularSwaggerView.as_view(url_name='schema'), name='swagger-ui'),  # swagger接⼝⽂档    path('api/schema/redoc/', SpectacularRedocView.as_view(url_name='schema'), name='redoc'),  # redoc接⼝⽂档
]
⾃定义接⼝内容信息
上⾯我们可以访问swagger接⼝⽂档，但是我们点开接⼝会发现没有任何内容信息
所以我们还需要在view视图中，使⽤装饰器@extend_schema来制定接⼝⽂档中的接⼝信息
我们先来看下装饰器extend_schema的源码
def extend_schema(
operation_id: Optional[str] = None,
parameters: Optional[List[Union[OpenApiParameter, _SerializerType]]] = None,
request: Any = empty,
responses: Any = empty,
auth: Optional[List[str]] = None,
description: Optional[str] = None,
summary: Optional[str] = None,
deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
tags: Optional[List[str]] = None,
exclude: bool = False,
operation: Optional[Dict] = None,
methods: Optional[List[str]] = None,
versions: Optional[List[str]] = None,
examples: Optional[List[OpenApiExample]] = None,
extensions: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
) -> Callable[[F], F]:
"""
Decorator mainly for the "view" method kind. Partially or completely overrides
what would be otherwise generated by drf-spectacular.
:param operation_id: replaces the auto-generated operation_id. make sure there
are no naming collisions.
:param parameters: list of additional or replacement parameters added to the
auto-discovered fields.
:param responses: replaces the discovered Serializer. Takes a variety of
inputs that can be used individually or combined
-
``Serializer`` class
- ``Serializer`` instance (e.g. ``Serializer(many=True)`` for listings)
- basic types or instances of ``OpenApiTypes``
- :class:`.OpenApiResponse` for bundling any of the other choices together with
either a dedicated response description and/or examples.
- :class:`.PolymorphicProxySerializer` for signaling that
the operation may yield data from different serializers depending
on the circumstances.
- ``dict`` with status codes as keys and one of the above as values.
Additionally in this case, it is also possible to provide a raw schema dict
as value.
-
``dict`` with tuples (status_code, media_type) as keys and one of the above
as values. Additionally in this case, it is also possible to provide a raw
schema dict as value.
:param request: replaces the discovered ``Serializer``. Takes a variety of inputs
- ``Serializer`` class/instance
- basic types or instances of ``OpenApiTypes``
- :class:`.PolymorphicProxySerializer` for signaling that the operation
accepts a set of different types of objects.
- ``dict`` with media_type as keys and one of the above as values. Additionally in
this case, it is also possible to provide a raw schema dict as value.
:param auth: replace discovered auth with explicit list of auth methods
:
param description: replaces discovered doc strings
:param summary: an optional short summary of the description
:param deprecated: mark operation as deprecated
:param tags: override default list of tags
:param exclude: set True to exclude operation from schema
:param operation: manually override what auto-discovery would generate. you must
provide a OpenAPI3-compliant dictionary that gets directly translated to YAML.
:param methods: scope extend_schema to specific methods. matches all by default.    :param versions: scope extend_schema to specific API version. matches all by default.    :param examples: attach request/response examples to the operation
:param extensions: specification extensions, e.g. ``x-badges``, ``x-code-samples``, etc.    :return:
"""
if methods is not None:
methods = [method.upper() for method in methods]
def decorator(f):
BaseSchema = (
# explicit manually set schema or previous view annotation
getattr(f, 'schema', None)
# previously set schema with @extend_schema on views methods
or getattr(f, 'kwargs', {}).get('schema', None)
# previously set schema with @extend_schema on @api_view
or getattr(getattr(f, 'cls', None), 'kwargs', {}).get('schema', None)
# the default
or api_settings.DEFAULT_SCHEMA_CLASS
)
if not inspect.isclass(BaseSchema):
BaseSchema = BaseSchema.__class__
def is_in_scope(ext_schema):
version, _ = ext_schema.view.determine_version(
ext_quest,
**ext_schema.view.kwargs
)
version_scope = versions is None or version in versions
method_scope = methods is None or hod in methods
return method_scope and version_scope
class ExtendedSchema(BaseSchema):
def get_operation(self, path, path_regex, path_prefix, method, registry):
if exclude and is_in_scope(self):
return None
return None
if operation is not None and is_in_scope(self):
return operation
return super().get_operation(path, path_regex, path_prefix, method, registry)
def get_operation_id(self):
if operation_id and is_in_scope(self):
return operation_id
return super().get_operation_id()
def get_override_parameters(self):
if parameters and is_in_scope(self):
return super().get_override_parameters() + parameters
return super().get_override_parameters()
def get_auth(self):
if auth and is_in_scope(self):
return auth
return super().get_auth()
def get_examples(self):
if examples and is_in_scope(self):
return super().get_examples() + examples
return super().get_examples()
def get_request_serializer(self):
if request is not empty and is_in_scope(self):
return request
return super().get_request_serializer()
def get_response_serializers(self):
if responses is not empty and is_in_scope(self):
return responses
return super().get_response_serializers()
def get_description(self):
if description and is_in_scope(self):
return description
return super().get_description()
def get_summary(self):
if summary and is_in_scope(self):
return str(summary)
return super().get_summary()
def is_deprecated(self):
if deprecated and is_in_scope(self):
return deprecated
return super().is_deprecated()
def get_tags(self):
if tags is not None and is_in_scope(self):
return tags
return super().get_tags()
def get_extensions(self):
if extensions and is_in_scope(self):
return extensions
return super().get_extensions()
if inspect.isclass(f):
# either direct decoration of views, or unpacked @api_view from OpenApiViewExtension            if operation_id is not None or operation is not None:
error(
f'using @extend_schema on viewset class {f.__name__} with parameters '
f'operation_id or operation will most likely result in a broken schema.'
f'operation_id or operation will most likely result in a broken schema.'
)
# reorder schema class MRO so that view method annotation takes precedence
# over view class annotation. only relevant if there is a method annotation
for view_method_name in get_view_method_names(view=f, schema=BaseSchema):
if 'schema' not in getattr(getattr(f, view_method_name), 'kwargs', {}):
continue
view_method = isolate_view_method(f, view_method_name)
view_method.kwargs['schema'] = type(
'ExtendedMetaSchema', (view_method.kwargs['schema'], ExtendedSchema), {}
)
# persist schema on class to provide annotation to derived view methods.
# the second purpose is to serve as base for view multi-annotation
f.schema = ExtendedSchema()
return f
elif callable(f) and hasattr(f, 'cls'):
# 'cls' attr signals that as_view() was called, which only applies to @api_view.
# keep a "unused" schema reference at root level for multi annotation convenience.
setattr(f.cls, 'kwargs', {'schema': ExtendedSchema})
# set schema on method kwargs context to emulate regular view behaviour.
for method in f.cls.http_method_names:
setattr(getattr(f.cls, method), 'kwargs', {'schema': ExtendedSchema})
return f
elif callable(f):django项目实例
# custom actions have kwargs in their context, others don't. create it so our create_view
# implementation can overwrite the default schema
if not hasattr(f, 'kwargs'):
f.kwargs = {}
# this simulates what @action is actually doing. somewhere along the line in this process
# the schema is picked up from kwargs and used. it's involved my dear friends.
# use class instead of instance due to descriptor weakref reverse collisions
f.kwargs['schema'] = ExtendedSchema
return f
else:
return f
return decorator
这个装饰器主要⽤于view，通过drf-spectacular部分或完全的覆盖去产⽣些东西
先来看下⼏个初始化参数
operation_id：⼀个唯⼀标识ID，基本⽤不到
parameters：添加到列表中的附加或替换参数去⾃动发现字段。
responses：替换Serializer。需要各种各样的可单独使⽤或组合使⽤的输⼊(有以下7种) Serializer类
序列化实例，⽐如：Serializer(many=True)
OpenApiTypes的基本类型或者实例
OpenApiResponse类
PolymorphicProxySerializer类
1个字典，以状态码作为键， 以上其中⼀项作为值(是最常⽤的，格式{200, None})
1个字典，以状态码作为键，以media_type作为值
request：替换序列化，接受各种输⼊
Serializer 类或者实例
OpenApiTypes基本类型或者实例
PolymorphicProxySerializer类

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