PLOS ONE Manuscript Guidelines
1Format Requirements
Guidelines for Standard Sections
oTitle
oAuthors and Affiliations
oAbstract
oIntroduction
oMaterials and Methods
oResults, Discussion, and Conclusions
oAcknowledgments
oReferences
oTables
oFigure Legends
oStriking Images
Specific Reporting Guidelines
oHuman Subject Research
oClinical Trials
oAnimal Research
oObservational and Field Studies
oCell Line Research
oSystematic Review/Meta-Analysis
oPaleontology and Archaeology Research
oSoftware Papers
oDatabase Papers
oNew Zoological Taxon
oNew Botanical Taxon
oNew Fungal Taxon
oQualitative Research
1. Format Requirements
PLOS ONE does not consider presubmission inquiries. All submissions should be prepared with the following files:
∙Cover letter
∙Manuscript, including tables and figure legends
∙Figures (guidelines for preparing figures can be found at the Figure and Table Guidelinessubmitting)
Prior to submission, authors who believe their manuscripts would benefit from professional editing are encouraged to use language-editing and copyediting services. Obtaining this service is the responsibility of the author, and should be done before initial submission. These services can be found on the web using search terms like "scientific editing service" or "manuscript editing service." Submissions are not copyedited before publication.
Submissions that do not meet the PLOS ONE Publication Criterion for language standards may be rejected.
Cover Letter
You should supply an approximately one page cover letter that:
∙Concisely summarizes why your paper is a valuable addition to the scientific literature
∙Briefly relates your study to previously published work
∙Specifies the type of article you are submitting (for example, research article, systematic review, meta-analysis, clinical trial)
∙Describes any prior interactions with PLOS regarding the submitted manuscript
∙Suggests appropriate PLOS ONE Academic Editors to handle your manuscript (view a complete listing of our academic editors)
∙Lists any recommended or opposed reviewers
Your cover letter should not include requests to reduce or waive publication fees. Should your manuscript be accepted, you will have the opportunity to include your requests at that time. See PLOS ONE Editorial Policy for more information regarding publication fees.
Manuscript Organization
PLOS ONE considers manuscripts of any length. There are no explicit restrictions for the
number of words, figures, or the length of the supporting information, although we encourage a concise and accessible writing style. We will not consider monographs.
All manuscripts should be double-spaced and include line numbers and page numbers.
Manuscripts should begin with the ordered sections:
∙Title
∙Authors
∙Affiliations
∙Abstract
∙Introduction
and end with the sections of:
∙Acknowledgments
∙References
∙Figure Legends
∙Tables
Figures should not be included in the main manuscript file. Each figure must be prepared and submitted as an individual file. Find more information about preparing figures here.
The title, authors, and affiliations should all be included on a title page as the first page of the manuscript file.
There are no explicit requirements for section organization between these beginning and ending sections. Articles may be organized in different ways and with different section titles, according to the authors' preference. In most cases, internal sections include:
∙Materials and Methods
∙Results
∙Discussion
∙Conclusions (optional)
PLOS ONE has no specific requirements for the order of these sections, and in some cases it may be appropriate to combine sections. Guidelines for individual sections can be found below.
Abbreviations should be kept to a minimum and defined upon first use in the text. Non-standard abbreviations should not be used unless they appear at least three times in the text.
Standardized nomenclature should be used as appropriate, including appropriate usage of species names and SI units.
Manuscript File Type Requirements
Authors may submit their manuscript files in Word (as .doc or .docx), LaTeX (as .pdf), or RTF format. Only RTF and .doc files can be used during the production process. Word files must not be protected.
LaTeX Submissions. If you would like to submit your manuscript using LaTeX, you must author your article using the PLOS ONE LaTeX template and BibTeX style sheet. Articles prepared in LaTeX may be submitted in PDF format for use during the review process. After acceptance, however, .tex files and formatting information will be required as a zipped file. Please consult our LaTeX guidelines for a list of what will be required.

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