课后复习题
怎样复习《语⾔学导论》课？
答：重要术语的含义和英语解释
重要理论的概要
重要概念之间的⽐较分析
建议：通读
熟悉课后的词汇表
做每章练习中的所有选择性、判断性的题⽬
期末考试题型：
1）选择填空（40分）
2）术语英汉互译（40分）
3）专题讨论（20分）
Chapter 1
I. Translate the following quotations into Chinese:
Language touches every part of our lives; it gives words to our
thoughts, voice to our ideas, and
expression to our feelings. It is avaguely
rich and varied human ability –
one that we can use without even
a thought, that children seem to
acquire automatically, and that
linguists have found to be
complex yet describable.
(from G. Tserdanelis & W.Wong: Language files)
Linguistics is the study of the nature, structure, and variation of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.
II. Fill in the blanks with the names of
linguists:
1)Plato held that there was a
universally correct and acceptable
logic of language for man to
follow in expressing his ideas.
2) Aristotle argued that knowledge
of language was arrived at by
convention and agreement of the
speakers of a given language.
3) In ancient China, a famous
philosopher named Xunzi
reasoned that a name was
accepted through public
agreement, and the
appropriateness of naming a thing
lay in convention.
4) According to Chomsky, knowledge
of language is the result of the
interaction of UG and later
experience.
5) Saussure advocated the diversion of
the focus of linguistic study from
diachronic to synchronic.
Chapter 2
I. Translate the following quotations into Chinese:
Linguistic knowledge as represented in the speaker’s mind is called a grammar. Linguistic theory is concerned with revealing the nature of the mental grammar which represents speakers’knowledge of their language.
Grammar as viewed here is different from the usual notion of grammar.
(from V. Fromkin: Linguistics)
Grammar is the ability to use structures accurately, meaningfully, and appropriately.
(from D. Larsen-Freeman: A Lecture on SLA)
II. Fill in the blanks with the names of linguists or organizations:
1) __________ asserted that there was
a “legislator”who gave the
correct, natural name to
everything, and languages
belonged to states but not to
individuals.
2)__________ pointed out that
babies’cry is a sort of natural
sounds, which could never
develop into a language.
3) A cornerstone of science is
_________’s intuition that nature
is perfect.
4) __________ first proposed that a
language in South Asia be a
relative of many European
languages.
5) The origin of language as a topic
was banned by _______
founded in 1866.
Chapter 3
I. Translate the following quotation into Chinese:
Phonetics provides the means for
describing speech sounds; phonology studies the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns in human language. The phonology of a language is then the system and pattern of the speech sounds. We see that the word phonology is thus used in two ways, either as the study of sound patterns in language or as the sound pattern of a language.
(from V. Fromkin & R. Roman: An Introduction to
Language)
II. Match each of the speech organs on the left with its proper description
on the right. (Refer to Fig. 3.1 on p
31 if you find the task difficult)
Pharynx V ocal cords
Soft palate Hard palate
Alveolar ridge
Trachea
III. Give the IPA symbol for each
of the consonants described below.
1) voiced bilabial plosive
2) voiceless alveolar plosive
3) voiceless dental fricative
4) voiced bilabial nasal
5) voiceless labio-dental fricative
6) voiced alveolar (lateral) liquid
7) voiced palato-alveolar affricate
8) voiced palatal glide
9) voiced velar nasal
10) voiceless alveolar fricative
IV. Which one of the four choices below each vowel is not a phonetic feature of that sound?
1)?:
a) semi-close b) front
c) mid d) unrounded
2)?
a) semi-open b) front
c) low d) unrounded
3) u:
a) close b) back
c) low d) rounded
4) ?
a) semi-open b) central
c) high d) always unstressed
5) i
a) close b) front
c) high d) rounded
Chapter 4
I. Translate the following quotations into Chinese:
Morphology is the study of word-making and word-marking. On the one hand, morphology examines meaning relationships between words and the ways in which these connections are indicated. On the other, morphology looks at how grammatical relationships between words are marked. Different l
anguages focus on different word relationships, and they make use of different patterns of marking.
(from G. Tserdanelis & W.Wong: Language files)
The study of the internal structure of words, and of the rules by which words are formed, is called morphology.
(from V. Fromkin & R.
Roman: An Introduction to Language)
II. Fill in the blanks with the linguistic terms you have learned.
1)Words are not the most elemental sound-meaning units. The most elemental grammatical units in a language are ______.
2)______ morphemes like “a-”, “pre-”, “-ly”, “-ne ss”, which have only grammatical meanings, are limited in number, about 100 in English.
3) ______ are different from phrases in that
they symbolize an integrated concept.
Phonologically, they have primary stress on the first word only, while individual words in phrases have independent primary stress.
4) Modern linguistic research suggests that
language is intrinsically less literal than
we have always assumed. It is abundant
in ______ expressions.
5) Languages of the world can be classified
morphologically into three types:
isolating, inflecting, and ______.
III. In the following sentences, indicate whether each morpheme is (a) a free morpheme, (b) a derivational bound morpheme, or (c) an inflectional bound morpheme:
1)T he older gentleman voted wisely.
2)T he Children skipped rope and played
games joyfully.
3)他们赛跑拿了第⼀。
Chapter 5
I. Translate the following statement into Chinese:
Syntax is the subfield of linguistics that studies the internal structure of sentences and the relationship among their component parts.
II. Fill in the blanks with the linguistic terms you have learned.
1) In the VP draw a tree, draw is the ______
of the phrase while a tree is the______. 2) A phrase is the ______ of the head. XP can
be defined as the ______ projection headed by X, X’, as the _______ projection, and X itself, i.e. the head, as the ______ projection.
3) According to X-bar theory, head X can either be a ______category, such as nouns and verbs, or a ______ category.
4) In the skeleton of XP, SPEC stands for ______ and COMP stands for complement. SPEC and X’are ______. So are X and COMP.
5) IP refers to ______. I, a functional
category, includes not only ______ _______ but also finite auxiliaries, and the ______ ______ to.
6) CP refers to ______ _______ and can be found in the analysis of complex sentences as well as _______ and topicalization.
Chapter 6
I. Translate the following quotations into Chinese:
More interest is the fact that languages differ in inflectional systems: case systems, for example. We find that these are fairly rich in Latin, even more so in Sanskrit or Finnish, but minimal in English and invisible in Chinese.
Chinese and English, for example, may have the same case system as Latin, but the phonetic realization is different. Furthermore, it seems that much of the variety of language can be reduced to properties of inflectional systems.
(from N. Chomsky: New Horizons in

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