Squash
History
Squash (properly, squash rackets) originated in England in the early nineteenth century as a variant of the much older game of rackets. It spread rapidly throughout the world; national governing bodies were set up in the USA and Canada before World War I. The real boom in the popularity of squash began in the 1960s, as more and more people realized its usefulness as a way of keeping fit. In the USA until the mid-1980s, the hardball variant of squash (a faster game with much shorter rallies) was played almost exclusively, but the international, softball version summarized here now represents over 95 percent of US squash. The national governing body for the sport is the United States Squash Racquets Association (USSRA), affiliated to the World Squash Federation (WSF).
Synopsis
•Squash is a racket and ball game played in an enclosed court.
•Players score points by hitting shots that their opponents are unable to return.
•Singles play is the more usual form of the game, but doubles (with two players per side) is also played; variant doubles rules are shown here in italic type.
•Softball (“international”) squash differs in important respects from the traditional hardball (“North American”) game.
Court and equipment
C OURT
Illustrated here (A ) is a standard softball singles court, 9.75 m. (32 ft.) long and 6.4 m. (21 ft.) wide. The ceiling must be at least 5.64 m. (18 ft. 6 in.) high.
The court may be constructed from any of a variety of suitable materials, provided that they are safe for play and offer the required rebound characteristics for the ball. The door is usually in the center of the back wall, and the back wall itself may be of glass for the benefit of spectators. The WSF and USSRA maintain detailed specifications for court construction.
A court must include the following features:
a .the front wall line, with its lower edge 4.57 m. (15 ft.) above the floor;
b .
the sidewall lines, angled so as to connect the front wall and back wall lines;
b
g
h a
g
f
d
c
e A
c .the back wall line (see previous page ), with its lower edge 2.13 m. (7 ft.) above the floor;
d .th
e service line (see previous page ), marked on the front wall with its lower edge 1.78 m. (5 ft. 10 in.) above the floor;
e .the board (see previous page ), a line marking the top edge o
f the tin, which runs alon
g the base of the front wall to a height of 48 cm. (19 in.); the tin must be made of a resonating material that makes a distinctive noise when hit, and must not project more than 45 mm. (13⁄4in.) beyond the surface of the front wall;
f .the short line (see previous page ), with its back edge 4.26 m. (14 ft.) from the back wall;
g .the service boxes (see previous page ), with internal dimensions 1.6 m. (5 ft. 3 in.) square;
h .the half-court line (see previous page ), marked on the floor between the short line and the back wall, and equidistant from the two sidewalls.
All lines must be 50 mm. (2 in.) wide.
The doubles court is identical in layout and markings to the singles court, but is 7.62 m. (25 ft.) wide.R ACKET
The racket (B ) must be constructed of material that will not mark the court walls or floor on impact;it may be of wood, cane, metal, or glass fiber.
The overall length of the racket must not exceed 68.6 cm. (27 in.). The maximum width, at right angles to the shaft, must not exceed 21.5 cm. (87⁄16in.). The weight must not exceed 255 g. (9 oz.).The USSRA maintains detailed lists of approved rackets.
B ALL
The ball (C ) must be an approved squash ball, made of rubber or a composition material. The
standard “yellow dot” ball should normally be used, though faster balls (coded white or green dot,red dot, and blue dot in order of speed) may be used in particular conditions.
The yellow dot ball must have a diameter of 39.5–40.5 mm. (19⁄16–15⁄8in.), and must weigh 23–25 g.(0.81–0.88 oz.). When dropped from a height of 254 cm. (100 in.) at a temperature of 23 ˚C.(73.4 ˚F.) onto the floor of the court, it must rebound to at least 30 cm. (12 in.).
The ball may not be chilled or heated artificially before a match; it may be
warmed up to playing condition only by the players hitting up on court.
At any time when the ball is not in actual play, a new ball may be substituted
by mutual consent of the players, or at the referee’s discretion.Between games the ball must always remain in full view on the floor of
service faultthe court.
D RESS Players must wear clothing as specified by the organizers of particular tournaments, and shoes that have soft, non-marking soles. Normal requirements are predominantly white or light pastel colored clothing and shoes.
Approved eye guards may be worn if required.
B
C
Players and officials
P LAYERS
The player due to serve is known as “hand-in”; the player receiving is known as “hand-out.”
In doubles, the sides are known as “side in” and “side out” respectively.
O FFICIALS
Play is controlled by a referee, officially with a marker to keep the score—but it is acceptable for the referee to perform both roles. Officials should normally be seated outside the court, centrally above the back wall line.
Duration and scoring
D URATION
Play must be continuous from the delivery of the first service until the match is completed, except that players are allowed an interval of 90 seconds (or less by prior mutual agreement) between games.
The referee may suspend play in case of injury as follows:
•for up to 3 minutes for a self-inflicted injury, provided that injury causes visible bleeding; or
•for up to 1 hour (or as the competition schedule allows) for an injury accidentally caused or contributed to by the opposing player.
In either case, the injured player must resume play at the end of the time allowed, or must concede the match (in the case of a self-inflicted injury, the player may concede the current game and take the subsequent 90-second interval before making this decision).
In case of an injury caused by an opponent’s dangerous play or deliberate action, the referee must penalize the opponent as appropriate (see below). If the injured player requires time to recover, the referee must award the match to him.
The referee may also suspend play at any time in response to conditions outside player control.
S CORING
A match consists of the best of three or five games, at the option of tournament organizers.
Only the server can score points. When the server wins a stroke, he scores a point; when the receive
r wins a stroke, he becomes the server. In doubles, either side may score a point; service changes as described below when the receiving side wins a point.
The player who first scores 9 points (doubles: the side first scoring 15 points) wins the game, unless the game has been “set.”
S ETTING
If the score reaches 8-all, the receiver must clearly announce one of the following options before the next service:
•“set one”—the game is to be played to 9 points; or
•“set two”—the game is to be played to 10 points.
In doubles, the options are “set one” (15 points) or “set three” (17 points), to be announced at 14-all. Rules of play
W ARM-UP
Players must be allowed together on court for a maximum of 5 minutes immediately before the match, for the purpose of warming up the match ball. The referee must call “half time” after 21⁄2minutes, and the players must change sides on the court unless they mutually agree otherwise.
The ball must also be warmed up after a ball substitution, or if the match is resumed after a significant delay; the referee must suspend play to allow the new ball to be warmed up.
S ERVICE ORDER
The right to serve first must be determined by a spin of a racket. At the beginning of each subsequent game, the winner of the previous game must serve first.
A player retains the right to serve until he loses a stroke, when the service passes to his opponent.At the beginning of each game, and after each change of service, the server has the choice of service box. He must then use alternate service boxes until he loses the service. However, if a serve or rally results in a let, he must serve again from the same box.
In doubles, the players in each side must serve in succession in all situations except the first hand-in of each game. Service passes to the second server when the side loses one point (“hand out”), and t
o the first server of the opposing side when the serving side loses a second point (“side out”). For the first hand-in of each game, a side’s second server must serve, so that the first side out occurs when the side loses its first point of the game.
S ERVICE
The server must not serve until the marker has finished calling the score.
The server, with at least one foot within the service box, must drop or throw the ball into the air and strike it before it touches the walls or the floor (D ). If he makes no attempt to strike the ball before it touches the walls or the floor, he may take the service again without being penalized.
The ball must be served direct onto the front wall of the court between the service line and the front wall line; unless volleyed by the hand-out, it must rebound into the back quarter of the court floor opposite the server’s box (E ).
In doubles, the server is permitted two attempts to make a good serve: if his first serve is not good, he must make a second attempt from the same service box.
If the service is good, play must continue as detailed below.
S
ERVICE NOT GOOD
A service is not good if:
•the ball strikes any part of the court or object within it before being served (called “fault”); or •when striking the ball, the server does not have at least part of one foot in contact with the floor within and not touching the lines marking the service box (“foot fault”); or
•the server makes one or more attempts to strike the ball, but fails to do so, or strikes the ball incorrectly (“not up”); or
•the ball is served out—that is, hits any part of the court on or above the boundary lines, including the ceiling and any fixtures attached to it, after rebounding from the front wall (“out”); or
D E
•the ball is served onto any other wall of the court before the front wall (“fault”); or
•the ball is served onto the front wall onto or below the service line, or onto the floor (“fault” if above the board, or “down” if on or below the board, or on the floor); or
•on the rebound (and unless volleyed by the receiver), the ball first touches the floor on or outside the short and half court lines marking the back quarter court opposite the server’s box (“fault”).
A service that is not good must not be played by the receiver. However, the receiver may volley any service that has legally hit the front wall, and has not yet become a fault.
R ALLY
After a good service, the players (or sides) must hit the ball alternately until one of them fails to make a good return, or the ball otherwise goes out of play.
R ETURN
A return is good if, before the ball has bounced twice on the floor, the player hits it correctly so that it strikes the front wall above the board and below the front wall line, either directly or after striking the side wall(s) or back wall, or any combination of these.
The return is not good if:
•he hits the ball twice; or
•after he has hit the ball, it bounces on the floor on its way to the front wall; or
•he returns the ball after dropping his racket; or
•the ball touches his body or clothing, or the body, clothing, or equipment of his opponent or his partner, before hitting the front wall; or
•the ball touches the board (before or after hitting the front wall) before bouncing on the floor ; or •the ball hits any out-of-play area.
If a player strikes at the ball and misses, he may make further attempts to make a good return.
W INNING A STROKE
A player (or side) wins the stroke when:
•an opponent fails to make a good serve; or
•an opponent fails to make a good return (unless a let or stroke is awarded by the referee); or •the ba
ll touches an opponent (or his clothing or equipment) when the opponent is the non-striker, except where the rules specify otherwise; or
•he is awarded the stroke by the referee.
L ET
A let is an undecided rally, to be played again. A let must be requested by a player (“Let please”).
If the player would otherwise have made a good return, a let may be allowed when:
•the ball touches any item on the floor during play; or
•the player has suffered interference; or
•the striker refrains from playing the ball for fear of injuring an opponent; or
•a player is distracted by any off-court occurrence, or the result of a stroke is affected by a change in court conditions.
A let must be allowed when:
•the receiver is not ready for the service and makes no attempt to return it; or
•the ball breaks during play; or
•the ball becomes lodged in any part of the court, or touches any out-of-bounds area after bouncing once within the court; or
•an opponent has interfered with a player attempting to return the ball, despite making every effort to avoid doing so, and the return would have been good (F see next page); or
•the referee is uncertain as to the correct decision in any situation.

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