1，什么叫文艺复兴The Renaissance (“rebirth” in French) was a cultural and intellectural movement that spanned roughly the 14th through the 17 century, beginning in Italy and later spreading to the rest of Europe 2，Renaissance is considered as the great flowering of art, architecture, politics, and the study of literature, and is also usually seen as the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern world.
2，什么叫玄学派诗歌the Metaphysical school of poetry
I. Definition: A school of highly intellectual（智力的）poetry
Time: the early 17th century
Major features: mysticism in content and fantasticality in form; peculiar conceit（奇思妙想）, unique way of reasoning and comparison
Main themes: life, death, love, religion, universe
Representatives: John Donne, Andrew Marvell and George Herbert
Significance: greatly influenced the modernists of the 20th century
II. Metaphysical conceits悬想比喻，奇喻，别出心裁的比喻
Conceit: an elaborate metaphor that offers a surprising or unexpected comparison between two seemingly highly dissimilar things. This can involve original images or familiar images used in an unfamiliar way.
Literature in This Age: The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement throughout in Europe known as Enlightenment. It was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century and Russia in the 19th Century.
In late 17th and early 18th century England, there was a change of taste, which was part of a general movement in Europe, seen perhaps most impressive in 17th century France. The dominant literary theory of this period was “Neoclassicism”.
Literary Genre文学流派Generally speaking, literature of the 18th century was very complex. We may classify it under three general heads: the reign of classicism, the pre-romantic poetry, and the beginning of modern novel.
3，什么是启蒙运动Enlightenment (1) a progressive intellectual movement
(2) flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe
(3) aims at enlightening the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas; celebrated reason (4) called for a reference to order, reason and rules
4，什么是前浪漫主义Pre-Romanticism
When did Pre-romanticism appear? in the latter half of the 18th century
What are the major features of Pre-romanticism?
1)Romantic Revival;
2)Strong protest against the bondage of
Classicism; 3)Claims of passion and emotion;
4)Renewed interests in medieval
literature.
Who are the representatives? William Blake and Robert Burns
What’s the significance?marked the decline of classicism
Paved the way for the coming of romanticism in England
5，什么叫Byron hero: Byronic hero was created by Byron in the Romantic period of the English literature. Such a hero is a proud, rebellious figure of noble origin. Passionate and powerful, he is to right all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and he would fight single-handedly against all the misdoings. These heroes rise against tyranny and injustice, but they are merely lone fighters striving for personal freedom and some individualistic ends.
1.      epic 史诗
a long narrative poem, grand in style, about heroes and heroic deeds, embodying heroic ideals of a nation or race in the making. Beowulf is the English national epic that was passed from mouth to mouth and written down by many unknown hands.
3.      alliteration 头韵
the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are close to each other. It is a feature of Beowulf and other Old English poems.
4.      alliterative verse 头韵诗
poetry written in alliteration. Nearly all Old English verse, including Beowulf, is heavily alliterative, and the pattern is fairly standard – with either two or three stressed syllables in each line alliterating.
5.      kenning 隐喻语
a metaphor usually composed of two words and used for description and association. Beowulf is full of kennings, such as ―helmet bearer‖ for ―warrior‖ and ―swan road‖ for ―sea‖.
8.      romance 传奇
a type of literature that was popular in the Middle Ages, usually containing adventures and reflecting the spirit of chivalry. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was a great verse romance, but its author remains unknown.
11.  heroic couplet 英雄双韵体
two successive lines of rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter. Geoffrey Chaucer’s masterpiece The Canterbury Tale was written in heroic couplet.
12.  ballad meter 民谣体
traditionally a four-line stanza containing alternating four-stress and three-stress lines, usually with a refrain and the rhyme scheme of abcb. Robert Burns’ ―A Red, Red Rose‖ is a great love ballad.
14.  English Renaissance 英国文艺复兴
the literary flowering of England in the late 16th century and early 17th century, with humanism as its keynote. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is considered the summit of this renaissance. 15.  Elizabethan literature 伊丽莎白时代的文学
literature written in the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603). William Shakespea re’s Romeo and Juliet was a masterpiece of this period.
16.  sonnet 十四行诗
a fixed form consisting of fourteen lines of 5-foot iambic verse. It first flourished in Italy in the 14th century. William Shakespeare was a great English sonnet writer famous for his 154 sonnets.
20.  rhyme scheme 押韵格式
the pattern of end-thymes in a stanza or poem, generally described by using letters of the alphabet to denote the recurrence of rhyming lines. For example, heroic couplets are ―aabbcc‖ and so on.
21.  quatrain 四行诗节
a stanza of four lines, rhymed or unrhymed. It is the commonest of all stanzaic forms in English poetry. Robert Burns’ ―A Red, Red Rose‖ has four quatrains.
24.  verse drama 诗剧
drama written in the form of verse. It was most widely used in the Elizabethan Age. William Shakespeare’s dramas are all verse dramas, Hamlet being the most famous.
25.  blank verse 无韵诗，素体诗
unrhymed iambic pentameter, the most widely used of English verse forms and usually used in English dramatic and epic poetry. William Shakespea re’s play Hamlet is written in blank verse.
27.  essay 散文
a composition, usually in prose, which may be of only a few hundred words or of book length and which discusses, formally or informally, a topic or a variety of topics. It is one of the most flexi
b le and adaptable of all literary forms. Francis Bacon is a great essayist; his ―Of Studies‖ is
a model of good essay.
28.  English Romanticism 英国浪漫主义
a literary movement that aimed at free expression of the writer’s ideas and feelings and flourished in the early 19th century England. A great representative of this movement is Percy Bysshe Shelley, the author of ―Ode to the West Wind‖.
Sonnet 18
One of the best known of Shakespeare’s sonnets, Sonnet 18 is memorable for the skillful and varied presentatio n of subject matter, in which the poet’s feelings reach a level of rapture unseen in the previous sonnets. The poet here abandons his quest for the youth to have a child, and instead glories in the youth’s beauty.
Initially, the poet poses a question—‖Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?‖—and then reflects on it, remarking that the youth’s beauty far surpasses summer’s delights. The imagery is the very essence of simplicity: ―wind‖ and ―buds.‖ In the fourth line, legal terminology—‖summer’s lease‖—is introduced in contrast to the commonplace images in the first three lines. Note also the poet’s use of extremes in the phrases ―more lovely,‖ ―all too short,‖ and ―too hot‖; these phrases emphasize the young man’s beauty.
Although lines 9 through 12 are marked by a more expansive tone and deeper feeling, the poet returns to the simplicity of the opening images. As one expects in Shakespeare’s sonnets, the proposition that the poet sets up in the first eight lines—that all nature is subject to imperfection—is now contrasted in these next four lines beginning with ―But.‖ Although beauty naturally declines at some point—‖And every fair from fair sometime declines‖—the youth’s beauty will not; his unchanging appearance is atypical of nature’s steady progression. Even death is impotent against the youth’s beauty. Note the ambiguity in the phrase ―eternal lines‖: Are these ―lines‖ the poet’s ver ses or the youth’s hoped-for children? Or are they simply wrinkles meant to represent the process of aging? Whatever the answer, the poet is jubilant in this sonnet because nothing threatens the young man’s beautiful appearance.
Then follows the concludi ng couplet: ―So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, / So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.‖ The poet is describing not what the youth is but what he will be ages hence, as captured in the poet’s eternal verse—or again, in a hoped-for child. Whatever one may feel about the sentiment expressed in the sonnet and especially in these last two lines, one cannot help but notice an abrupt change in the poet’s own estimate of his poetic writing. Following the poet’s disparaging reference to his ―pupil pen‖ and ―barren rhyme‖ in Sonnet 16, it comes as a surprise in Sonnet 18 to find him boasting that his poetry will be eternal.
John Keats认为，夜莺的歌声是美妙绝伦的，是不朽的，是永恒的，将世世代代的唱下去。―Thou wast not born for death,immortal Bird!……/Through the sad heart of Ruth,when sick for home,/She stood in tears amid the alien corn;/The same that oft-times hath /Charmed magic casements,opening on the foam‖生动而奇异的幻想的世界，在John Keats的诗歌里得到了超凡的体现。然而一切都仅仅是个梦幻，仅仅是个梦幻而已，他却乐此不疲地享受着这里的种种在现实世界中享受不到的美好。或许这正合了他的另一个美学理念，即―美即是真‖。
在Nightingale的仙境中，在忧郁、痛苦和绝望的同时，诗人感受到了快乐。他―既感受到了想象中完美的、和谐的梦幻世界的诱惑，又痛切地感受到了现实生活中不可摆脱的沉重的压力‖。他―企求超然物外，从尘世中解脱，同时又不是彻头彻尾的消极逃避‖。他最终还是回到了冷冰冰的现实，直面惨淡
的人生。永远是个paradox的人生，以及由其所导致的paradox心态。虽然―人生的最高境界必须有世界的苦难感‖，但是现实的要求，John Keats是最明白不过的了。
Ode to a Nightingale虽然诞生于诗人身心极度痛苦和情感极度绝望之中，但是对于美的迷恋和崇拜，使他体会到了无与伦比的美的洗礼，也使得他的读者们感受到了美的存在。这位在25岁就去逝的诗人，在其生命的最后5年里，迸发出强大的创作能量，写成了大量的杰作，成为超过了William Shakespeare、John Milton等，并可与William Wordsworth相提并论的重要的浪漫主义诗人之一。Nightingale无愧，John Keats无愧。
She Walks in Beauty
The poem begins with the image of a woman who “walks in beauty like the night” (poem), which would lead the reader to ask how she could be found.[6] That question is answered in the next line when the speaker says that the night is cloudless and that the stars illuminate the sky, bringing into focus the imagery of light and darkness.[6] When the first line of a poem is presented with no punctuation, but is followed by a line that will clarify the previous statement, it is referred to as enjambment, and this technique is used in the first four lines of the poem.[6] In the next few lines Byron draws attention to the word meet; it emphasizes the contrmechanisms : The poem opens with
unfamiliara line that doens't have punctuation (enjambment): it runs over to the next. Not only that but the next line has a different kind of meter. Poets use this mechanism together with enjabment to
attract attention to certain words. For example in the fourth line, the word "meet" is emphasized. It is an important word in the poem because it is the premise of the entire poem.
ode to west wind
Summary
The speaker invokes the “wild West Wind” of autumn, which scatters the dead leaves and spreads seeds so that they may be nurtured by the spring, and asks that the wind, a “destroyer and pres erver,” hear him. The speaker calls the wind the “dirge / Of the dying year,” and describes how it stirs up violent storms, and again implores it to hear him. The speaker says that the wind stirs the Mediterranean from “his summer dreams,” and cleaves the Atlantic into choppy chasms, making the “sapless foliage” of the ocean tremble, and asks for a third time that it hear him.
The speaker says that if he were a dead leaf that the wind could bear, or a cloud it could carry, or a wave it could push, or even if he were, as a boy, “the comrade” of the wind’s “wandering over heaven,
” then he would never have needed to pray to the wind and invoke its powers. He pleads with the wind to lift him “as a wave, a leaf, a cloud!”—for though he is like the wind at heart, untamable and proud—he is now chained and bowed with the weight of his hours upon the earth.
The speaker asks the wind to “make me thy lyre,” to be his own Spirit, and to drive his thoughts across the universe, “like withered leaves, to quicken a new birth.” He asks the wind, by the incantation of this verse, to scatter his words among mankind, to be the “trumpet of a prophecy.” Speaking both in regard to the season and in regard to the effect upon mankind that he hopes his words to have, the speaker asks: “If winter comes, can spring be far behind?”
three years she grew in sun and shower
Analysis
"Three years she grew" is m ade up of seven six-line stanzas that each have an aabccb rhym e schem e. This poem is one of a set usually called the "Lucy Poem s." The identity of Lucy has never been discovered.
Nature takes on an interesting role in this poem--she is beautiful and giving, and yet ultimately dictat
es the circum stances of Lucy's death. The poem becom es a beautiful elegy written to a wom an who has died an d who Wordsworth admired not only for her beauty, but also for her connection to nature, which Wordsworth felt was the highest possible achievem ent.
Also worthy of note is the fact that the speaker does not speak until the final stanza. For the first six stanzas he sim ply describes the declarations and promises of Nature. It is only in the end that the reader finally learns what happened to Lucy (she died as soon as she reached m aturity) and why the speaker is writing the poem (out of grief).

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