第6章语言与认知
Ⅰ. Multiple Choice
1. How does the top-down approach differ from the bottom-up approach in language processing?
A. Bottom-up processing is more effective than top-down processing in speech synthesis.
B. Bottom-up processing utilizes all information one has in speech perception.
C. Top-down processing uses one’s existing knowledge and the incoming speech signal.
D. Top-down processing is more efficient than bottom-up processing in speech comprehension.
【答案】B
【解析】在语言处理加工过程中，有两种方法，即从一般到具体的自上而下的方法和从具体到一般的自下而上的方法。其中自下而上的方法会用到言语感知中的所有信息。
2. _____ is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.
A. Competence
B. Performance
C. Learning
D. Acquisition
【答案】C
【解析】在学校里我们会学到第二语言，对第二语言知识的这种有意识的积累，叫做“学习”。
3. During language acquisition, children go through several stages, during which stage they begin to have sensitivity to the phonetic distinctions used in their parents’ language.
A. Holophrastic stage
B. Two word stage
C. Three word stage
D. Fluent grammatical conversation stage
【答案】A
【解析】孩子们的语言习得要经历三个阶段，单词句阶段，双词句阶段，以及三词句阶段。
在单词句阶段，孩子们会对其父母话语中的语音特征特别敏感。
4. _____ is the study of psychological aspect of language.
A. Language acquisition
B. Applied linguistics
C. Psycholinguistics
D. Pragmatics
【答案】A
【解析】语言习得是从心理学的角度来研究语言，主要研究儿童不自觉地自然地掌握母语的过程。
5. _____ does not belong to Construal Operations.
A. Attention/Salience
B. Judgment/Comparison
C. Metaphor/Metonymy
D. Perspective/Situatednesss
【答案】C
【解析】识解操作是人类语言处理过程中概念化的过程，或者说，识解操作是理解语言表达方式所使用的基本心理过程和来源。包括（1）注意力/突显；（2）判断/对比；（3）视点/观察者位置。
6. In the following sentences, which is not a metonymy?
A. The sax has the flu today.
B. Watergate changed American politics.
C. Wall Street is in a panic.
D. She is the apple in her parents’ eyes.
【答案】D
【解析】其他三句为转喻，D为暗语。
7. Which is not a type of iconicity?
A. Iconicity of distance
B. Iconicity of complexity
C. Iconicity of intimacy
D. Iconicity of order
【答案】C
【解析】象似性有距离象似性，复杂象似性以及顺序象似性。
II. True or False
1. Metonymy involves using the familiar to stand for the unfamiliar.
【答案】T
【解析】转喻是一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法。
2. The utterance meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.
【答案】T
【解析】话语意义随着话语情境的变化而不同。
3. Language acquisition refers to the process involved in creating and expressing meaning through language.
【答案】F
【解析】语言产出是一个通过语言来表达意义的过程。
4. Structural metaphor means that human experiences with physical objects provide the basis for ways of viewing events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc., as
entities and substances.
【答案】F
【解析】实体隐喻是指人类以自身经验和生理实体为基础，把事件、行为、情感、思想等抽象概念转换为实体。
5. Superordinate categories are the most general ones. The members of a superordinate category d
o not have enough features in common to conjure up a common gestalt at this level.
【答案】T
【解析】上位范畴是最具概括性的范畴，各成员没有足够的共性构成一个共同的完形。
Ⅲ. Explain the following terms.
1. Language acquisition
Key:It refers to the gradual development of ability in a language by using it naturally in communicative situations.
unfamiliar
2. Cognition
Key:Cognition is, in psychology, used to refer to the mental processes of an individual, with particular relation to a concept which argues that the mind has internal mental states (such as beliefs, desires and intentions) and can be understood as information processing, especially when much abstraction or concretization is involved, or processes such as involving knowledge, expertise or
learning for example are at work. Another definition of “cognition” is the m ental process or faculty of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment.
3. cohort model
Key: The cohort model is a supposed doctrine dealing with the spoken word recognition postulated by Marslen-Wilson and Welsh in 1990. It is suggested that the first few phonemes of a spoken word activate a set or cohort of word candidates that are consistent with the input. These candidates compete with one another for activation. As more acoustic input is analyzed, candidates that are no longer consistent with the input drop out of the set. This process continues until only one word candidate matches the input~ the best fitting word may be chosen if no single candidate is a clear winner.
4. The Innateness Hypothesis
Key: The innateness hypothesis was proposed by Chomsky. It says that the ability to acquire a human language is part of the biologically innate equipment of the human being, and that an infant is born with this knowledge of basic grammatical relations and categories, and this knowledge is universal.
5. Construal and construal operations
Key: Construal is the competence to conceive and portray the same situation in

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