摘要
图标是有指代意义的图形符号，其在传达信息过程中具有快捷、形象、方便理解与记忆的优势。图标根据所传达意义的不同也会发生相应的变化，人们有时对图标发生的变化视而不见，出现变化盲视现象。本研究以图标作为研究材料，采用变化盲视的迫选探测范式，探讨图标的熟悉度及变化类型对变化盲视现象的影响。
实验一采用迫选探测范式，以在校大学生做为研究对象，采用2（熟悉度：高熟悉度，低熟悉度）×2（变化类型：结构变化，颜变化）完全被试内实验设计，以反应时、正确率及眼动指标为因变量，探讨不同熟悉度与变化类型对图标变化盲视现象的影响。
为了减少被试的猜测率，实验二改变图标的呈现方式与反应按键任务。由图标单个呈现改为同时呈现配对的两个图标，配对的图标一个为高熟悉度，一个为低熟悉度；由实验一中“有变化”、“ 没变化”两个反应选项改为“左边图标发生变化”、“ 右边图标发生变化”和“没有图标发生变化”三个反应选项。依然是2（熟悉度：高熟悉度，低熟悉度）×2（变化类型：结构变化，颜变化）双因素被试内实验设计，以反应时、正确率及眼动指标为因变量，继续探究熟悉度与变化类型对变化盲视现象的影响。
实验结果表明：
（1）熟悉度对变化盲视现象有显著影响，被试对高熟悉度图标变化探测的正确率显著高于低熟悉度图标，反应时也显著短于低熟悉度图标。
（2）变化类型对变化盲视现象有显著影响，被试对图标颜变化的觉察正确率显著高于结构变化，颜变化反应时显著短于结构变化的反应时。
（3）熟悉度与变化类型对图标变化位置的定位速度影响有交互作用，眼动指标表明被试对高熟悉度图标条件下两种变化类型定位速度没有显著差异，但是对低熟悉度图标颜变化定位速度显著快于结构变化。
（4）不同熟悉度图标单独呈现时，高熟悉度图标平均注视时间显著短于低熟悉度图标；当高熟悉度图标与低熟悉度图标同时呈现时，对低熟悉度图标的注视次数及注视时间显著高于高熟悉度图标。
在本研究条件下，得出的研究结论是：
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（1）在图标变化探测过程中，越熟悉的图标越不容易发生变化盲视现象。
（2）在图标变化探测过程中，与颜变化相比，结构变化更容易发生变化盲视现象。
（3）熟悉度对不同属性变化类型的变化探测有影响，高熟悉度图标无论是结构变化还是颜变化，人们对变化位置的定位速度都比较快，而低熟悉度的图标发生变化时，人们对颜变化的位置定位更快。
（4）人们对低熟悉度图标的认知加工需要付出更多努力，对高熟悉度图标认知加工存在明显优势。
关键词：变化盲视；眼动研究；图标变化；熟悉度；迫选探测范式
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Abstract
Icon refers to the meaningful graphic symbol which widely exists in our life. The icon has great advantage in conveying information, for example, we could get the meaning of the icon quickly. Sometimes, Icon will change when the significance they covey were different. However, people often ignore these changes, we called this phenomenon as change blindness. If the change blindness happened, we will misunderstand the information which the icon want convey. So, it is very important for us to study the factors which influence the phenomenon. In this research, we use one-shot paradigm to study if the two factors, the familiarity and change-type, has influence on the phenomenon of change blindness.
The first experiment aims to study the familiarity and change-type if has influence in change blindness. There are 23 health college students, aged from 18 to 28, who are all willing to participate in the 2 (high familiarity, low familiarity) × 2 (color change, form change) within-subject factors experiment.
To avoid the subjects guessing the results, we show the subject two icon at once. And in the second experiment, the subjects have three choice which contain the left icon change, the right icon change and no icon change. There are 24 students participate in the 2 (high familiarity，low familiarity) × 2 (color change, form change) within-subject factors experiment.
The result showed that:
(1) The familiarity has great effect on change blindness. Compare with the
low-familiar icon, subject get a higher score on the high-familiar icon. Otherwise, subjects’ react time on high-familiar icon is shorter than the low-familiar icon.
(2) The change-type has great effect on change blindness. Compare with the form-change, subjects get a higher score and spent shorter time on the color-change.
(3) The familiarity influences the speed of found the different type of change. When show the familiar icon, subject could quickly found the change no matter which change-type happened. For the unfamiliar icon, subject found the color-change
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icon’s point more quicker than form-change icon.unfamiliar
(4) Compare with high-familiar icon, the subjects’ mean fixation duration is longer to unfamiliar icon. When they showed together, the subjects’ fixation count and fixation time for unfamiliar icon is higher than familiar icon.
The study draws the following conclusions:
(1) Compare with the high-familiar icon, we are more likely get change blindness for unfamiliar icon.
(2) Compare with the color-change, we are more likely get change blindness for form-change.
(3) The familiarity influences subjects found the different type of change. For the familiar icon, the speed that subjects found the different change hasn’t difference. For the unfamiliar icon, subject found the color-change icon’s point more quicker than form-change icon.
(4) We should pay more attention on unfamiliar icon than familiar icon. And we cognize the high-familiar icon more easier.
Keywords: change blindness, the icon changes, familiarity, one-shot paradigm
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目录
Abstract ................................................. V I 引言 (1)
1 文献综述 (3)
1.1 图标研究概述 (3)
1.1.1 图标概念及分类 (3)
1.1.2 图标识别的影响因素研究综述 (4)
1.1.3 图标识别加工理论的研究综述 (8)
1.2 变化盲视现象的研究进展 (10)
1.2.1 变化盲视的概念及起源 (10)
1.2.2 产生变化盲视的原因及假设 (11)
1.2.3 变化盲视的研究范式 (13)
1.2.4变化盲视现象的影响因素研究综述 (13)
1.2.5 变化盲视的神经机制研究综述 (18)
2 问题提出和研究假设及意义 (19)
2.1 以往研究存在的问题与不足 (19)
2.3 研究的理论意义与实践意义 (21)
2.2.1 理论意义 (21)
2.2.2 实践意义 (21)
2.3 研究假设 (22)
3 实验研究 (22)
3.1实验一：熟悉度与变化类型对单图标变化盲视现象的影响 (22)
3.1.1 研究目的 (22)
3.1.2 研究假设 (23)
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