Lesson 11 Four Laws of Ecology （Part I）
一、词汇短语
1. property [] n. a quality or power that a substance, plant, etc. has
特性，性质，属性：A radio signal has both electrical and magnetic properties.
无线电信号既具有电的特性也具有磁的特性。
2. environmental niche [] n. 生态位：While the environmental niche had
declined, but the change was relatively flat from 2004.环境生态
degrade
位呈下降趋势，但自2004年以来变化比较平缓。
3. immediate [] adj. next to, or very near to, a particular place
（地方）邻近的，紧邻的：Only a handful had returned to work in the
immediate vicinity.只有少数几个人回到附近地区工作。
4. bewildering [] adj. confusing, especially because there are
too many choices or things happening at the same time令人困惑的，使
人糊涂的：Even more bewildering—God was not only silent, he also
commemorated his silence for posterity.更令人困惑的是上帝不仅沉默，
他还将自己的沉默成为子孙后裔的纪念。
5. intricate [] adj. containing many small parts or details that all
work or fit together 错综复杂的：One is that languages all share some
deep and intricate universals.其一是，所有语言都共享一些深层且复杂的共性。
6. bacteria [] n. very small living things, some of which cause
illness or disease 细菌：Bacteria will not breed in alcohol.细菌在酒精里不会
繁殖。
7. nutrient []n. a chemical or food that provides what is
needed for plants or animals to live and grow 养分，营养物：In her first
book she explained the role of vegetable fibres, vitamins, minerals, and
other essential nutrients.在她第一本书中，她解释了植物纤维、维生素、矿物
质和其他重要营养物质的作用。
8. pollen [] n. a fine powder produced by flowers, which is carried by
the wind or by insects to other flowers of the same type, making them
produce seeds 花粉：The problem occurs because plants need to transfer
pollen by wind and insect to fertilization and reproduce.发生这样的问题是因
为植物需要通过风和昆虫传递花粉进行受精繁殖。
9. fungi [] n. [plural]. a simple type of plant that has no leaves or
flowers and that grows on plants or other surfaces 真菌：Without the fungi,
this would be just another sandbar.如果没有真菌，这里将成为另一个沙洲。
10. degrade []v. if a substance, chemical, etc. degrades, or if
something degrades it, it changes to a simpler form（使）（物质、化学品
等）分解，降解：As they degrade, the phosphates migrate into the soil.
它们在降解以后，磷酸盐会进入土壤。
11. segment []n. a part of something that is different from or
affected differently from the whole in some way 部分，段，片：This
segment is shared by all processes on the system.这个段由系统上的所有进
程共享。
12. explicit []adj. expressed in a way that is very clear and
direct 清楚明确的，直截了当的：He avoids the explicit answer to us.他避免
给我们明确的回答。
13. cohesive [] adj. connected or related in a reasonable way
to form a whole 团结的，有凝聚力的：And groups that are more cohesive
are more likely to survive in interactions with other groups.那些更具凝聚
力的体更有可能在同其他体交往中继续生存下去。
14. elaborate []adj. having a lot of small parts or details put
together in a complicated way 详细的，复杂的：The specific acquisition
case you mentioned is different from the so-called trade and
investment protectionism. Officials with the Ministry of Commerce have
made elaborate explanation on this.你提到的具体收购案例不同于所谓的贸
易和投资保护主义，中国商务部有关官员已就此作出了非常详尽的解释。15. organism [] n. an animal, plant, human, or any other living thing 生物，有机体：
16. physicochemical [] adj. 物理化学的
17. cybernetics [] n. the scientific study of the way in
which information is moved and controlled in machines, the brain,
and the nervous system 控制论
18. helmsman [] n. someone who guides a ship or boat 航手，舵
手：In contrast and by way of self-critique, Yu Hua also offers the tale of
a local official who discovers that sharing the Great Helmsman’s
surname can be a curse rather than a blessing.与此相反，余华又以自我
否定的方式，讲述了当地一位干部发现和“伟大的舵手”是本家不一定是好事，
有时也会惹上麻烦的故事。
19. steer [] vt. to control the direction a vehicle is going, for example, by
turning a wheel 驾驶（车、船等）：Since you are the sole captain of your life, don’t allow others to steer the ship.因为你是你的生命之舟上唯一的船长，不能允许他人去掌舵你这艘大船。
20. compass []n. an instrument that shows directions and has a needle that always points north 指南针，罗盘
21. rudder [] n. a flat part at the back of a ship or aircraft that can be
turned in order to control the direction in which it moves （船或飞机的）
方向舱
22. veer [] vi. to change direction 改变方向，转向：This led him to veer off in a
radically new direction—and to produce perhaps his most
thought-provoking book.这些使他转向了全新的方向，写出他最发人深省的著
作。
23. course [] n. the planned direction taken by a boat or plane to reach a place （船或飞机的）航向
24. deflection [] n. the action of making something change its
direction 转向，偏差：“You have to be careful about moving asteroids
around in space,”he adds, lest a deflection inadvertently steer
Apophis toward Earth.“对于在太空中移动小行星，你必须万分小心，”他
补充说，否则一偏转可能无意中使阿波菲斯朝向地球。
25. algae [] n. a very simple plant without stems or leaves that grows
in or near water 藻类（植物）：Algae grow and spread quickly in the lake.
湖中水藻滋蔓。
26. deplete []vt. to reduce the amount of something that is
present or available 削减，损耗：But the president is unlikely to deplete his
political capital completely.不过，这位总统似乎并未完全耗尽自己的政治资本。
27. obscure []vt. to make something difficult to know or
understand搞混，使难理解：But this acknowledgment cannot obscure the
fact that markets do these things more efficiently and effectively than
politicians do.但这一认同并不能掩盖这一事实，即做此类事情市场往往比政客
更有效率。
28. oscillation []n. oscillations are frequent changes
between two extreme amounts or positions振动，摆动：And we
discussed the vertical oscillation. 我们讨论了竖直摆动。
29. limits [] n.（数量或范围上的剧烈）波动，摇摆，变化
30. fluctuation [] n. a change in a price, amount, level,
etc.（价格、数量、水平等的）波动，起伏：It turns out we have several
readings with a high fluctuation from their neighbors.结果证明，我们有
一些读数相对于其相邻点有大的波动。
31. lynx [] n. a large wild cat that has no tail and lives in forests 猞猁
32. ravage [] vt. to damage something very badly 严重毁坏，摧毁：
He would never ravage flowers, certainly not in a cemetery.他从不会毁坏花
草，当然也不会是在公墓里。
33. compensate []v. to replace or balance the effect of
something bad 弥补，补偿：You must compensate me for this loss.你
必须补偿我的这个损失。
34. swing [] n. a noticeable change in opinions or emotions （意见或情绪）
明显改变：He is liable to abrupt mood
swings.他容易突然变得情绪激动。
35. photosynthesis [] n. the production by a green
plant of special substances like sugar that it uses as food, caused
by the action of sunlight on chlorophyll, i.e. the green substance in
leaves光合作用
36. aquatic [] adj. living or growing in water水栖的，水生的：The fruit
of an aquatic plant, they look like a black bull`s head with impressive
horns.一种水生植物的果实，看起来像一只长着骇人犄角的黑公牛的头部。37. intrinsic []adj. being part the nature or character of
someone or something 本质的，内在的，固有的：He judged the strategies
of the civil rights movement not only by their intrinsic moral virtue, but
also by their effectiveness in ending discrimination against black people.

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