名词解释
1. Prescriptive and Descriptive规定性的和描述性的
Prescriptive and descriptive represent two kind of different types of linguistic study. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive; If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, it is said to be prescriptive.
描述性的研究主要以观察和描述人们实际所使用的语言为目的。
规定性的研究以制定语言使用的规范和标准为主要目的，即为使用者指出语言的标准用法，什么是正确的用法，什么是错误的用法，为语言使用者提供典范。
2. Langue and Parole 语言和言语
Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.
Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by.
Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
Parole is the concrete use of the convention and the application of rules.
语言是一种社会机制、是一种语言的理想形式、是为一个团体所有成员所接受的社会惯例的抽象的语言系统。
言语是指语言体系在实际使用过程中的体现或者说具体化，具有个人特点并受语境的约束。
3. Competence and Performance 语言能力和语言运用
Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
乔姆斯基将语言能力定义为理想的用户对自己语言的规则的认识，并在语言交际中体现了这方面的知识。
语言运用是指一个人在自己的语言生成和理解过程中对语言知识的运用。
4. Language 语言
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
语言是人类交际中使用的任意性的语音符号系统。
arbitrary [ˈa:rbətreri] 随意的         
vocal  [ˈvoʊkl] 有声音的
5. Phonetics [fəˈnɛtɪks] 语音学
Phonetics refers to the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s language.
语音学：它是研究语言的声音媒介的学科，即研究人类语言中所使用的全部语音的学科。
语音学研究的不是某一种特定的语言，而是用于所有人类的语音。
phonic [ˈfa:nɪk] 声学的，声音的，有声的 medium [ˈmidiəm] 媒介物，媒质
6. International Phonetic Alphabet（IPA）国际英标
IPA refers to a standardized and internationally accepted system of symbols used to represent the speech sounds used in communication; the principle of IPA is to use one letter(taken from the major European language) to represent one sound.
IPA是一种规范和国际公认的用来表示语音通信中使用的符号系统；IPA的原理是用一个字母（从欧洲主要语言）来代表一个声音。
Standardized  ['stændədaɪzd] 标准的，定型的
Alphabet [ˈælfəˌbɛt] 字母表; 字母系统; 入门，初步
7. Suprasegmental Features  超切分特征 
Suprasegmental features refer to those phonological features occurring above the sound segment level. (The major suprasegmental features in English are stress and intonation.)
超音切分特征指的是语音特征出现以上的音段层面。（英语中主要的超音段特征是重音和语调。）
suprasegmental [ˌsu:prəsegˈmentl] 超音段的segment [ˈsɛgmənt]  环节; 部分，段落
phonological [ˌfɒnə'lɒdʒɪkl]  音系学的；（一种语言的）语音（或音位）体系的
8. Derivation 派生词
Derivation is an affixational process that forms a word with a meaning and/or category distinct from that of its base. Once formed, derivation words become independent lexical items and receive their own entry in a speaker’s mental dictionary.
派生词是一种词缀转化的过程，将一个词缀-前缀或后缀-附在一个基本词（base word）后，形成一个新的词，其词性可以改变，也可以不变。
一旦形成，派生词成为独立的词汇项目，并在一个演讲者的心理词典中获得自己的条目。
affixational 词缀
category [ˈkætəgɔ:ri] 种类，类别
distinct [dɪˈstɪŋkt] 明显的，清楚的
lexical [ˈlɛksɪkəl] 词汇的
9. Syntax [ˈsɪnˌtæks] 语法; 句法; 句法规则[分析]
A branch of linguistics that studies the system of rules and categories underlying sentence formation in human language, i.e. the study of how words combine to form sentences and the rules which govern the formation of sentences.
研究人类语言句子构成规则和范畴系统的语言学分支，即研究词如何组成短语和句子以及构成的规则。
10. Surface structure表层结构
The structure that results from applying transformational rules to a deep structure.
通过对深层结构进行转换而得到的结构。
11. Deep structure深层结构
Any structure generated by the phrase structure rules of a transformational grammar.
由转换语法短语结构规则生成的结构。
Generated 生成  phrase [frez] 短语
12. Reference 所指
Reference means what a linguistic form（ 语言形态） refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element（语言要素） and the non-linguistic world（非语言世界） of experience.
“所指”是某一语言形式对现实世界中某一实体的指称。它涉及的语言要素和非语言世界的经验之间的关系。
13. Conventional implicature 规约含义
Conventional implicature is based on the conventional meaning of certain words in the language; or to put it in another way, conventional implicature is the implied meaning that can be inferred from the conventional meaning of certain words in the language.
“规约含义”是指某些单词本身固有的、约定俗成的意义，不受语言外语境因素的影响。（书上的）
“规约含义”是基于语言的某些词的传统意义或者把它以另一种方式表达出来。规约含义是隐含的意义，可以从语言中的某些词的传统意义推断。
Implicature  [ˈɪmplɪkətʃə(r)] 含义
14. Standard dialect 标准语
The standard variety is a superimposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is the language employed by the government and judiciary system, used by the mass media, and taught in educational institution, including school setting where the language is taught as a foreign or second language.group by的用法及原理详解
标准品语是一种叠加的、具有社会声望的方言。它是由政府和司法系统所使用的语言，由大众媒体使用，并在教育机构，包括由学校设置被教导作为外语或第二语言。

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