Artisans and Industrialization
1. 核心词汇总结
steady 稳定的，不变的
intense 强烈的，紧张的
alternate 交替，轮流
manufacturing 制造业
impart 给予， 传授
apprentice 学徒
journeyman 学徒
capitalist 资本家
give way to 让位于
credit 贷款
stimulate 刺激
shift 变化， 转变
accustomed to 习惯于
artisan 工匠
supervise 监督
finished 精湛的
elegant 高雅的
regimented 严格管制的
constant 持续的
discard 丢弃
alert 警觉的
dependable 可靠的
self-disciplined 自律的
obedience 服从
carpenter 木匠
momentum 动力
depression 萧条
collapse 衰弱
spearhead 带头
agitation 鼓动
resent 愤恨
2. 长难句总结
(1) After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers.
(2) Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior.
(3) With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community.
(4) Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management.
(5) Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve the artisan's dream of setting up one's own business.
(6) Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but the
y were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics.
P1: introduction: ways of manufacturing before 1815 & after 1815
Before 1815 manufacturing(制造业) in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. As master craft workers, they imparted(给予，传授) the knowledge of their trades to apprentices(学徒) and journeymen(学徒). In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists(资本家). After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to(让位于) factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and creditengage in(贷款) all stimulated(刺激) the shift(变化，转变) to factory production.
P2: ways of manufacturing before 1815
The creation of a labor force that was accustomed to(习惯于) working in factories did not occur easily. Before the rise of the factory, artisans(工匠) had worked within the home. Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising(监督) their moral behavior. Journeymen knew that if they perfected their skill, they could become respected master artisans with their own shops. Also, skilled artisans did not work by the clock, at a steady(稳定的，不变的) pace, but rather in bursts of intense(强烈的，紧张的) labor alternating(交替，轮流) with more leisurely time.
P3: ways of manufacturing after 1815
The factory changed that. Goods produced by factories were not as finished(精湛的) or elegant (高雅的)as those done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase rates of productivity. The new methods of doing business involved a new and stricter sense of time. Factory life necessitated a more regimented(严格管制的) schedule, where work began at the sound of a bell and workers kept machines going at a
constant(持续的) pace. At the same time, workers were required to discard(丢弃) old habits, for industrialism demanded a worker who was alert(警觉的), dependable(可靠地), and self-disciplined(自律的). Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and, since work was specialized, disrupted the regular factory routine. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.
P4: workers were hard to accustomed to new system
The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about "obedience(服从) to the ding-dong of the bell-just as though we are so many living machines." With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community. Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management. Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and eve
n fewer could achieve the artisan's dream of setting up one's own business. Even well-paid workers sensed their decline in status.
P5: workers organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life
In this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life. Craft workers such as carpenters(木匠), printers, and tailors formed unions, and in 1834 individual unions came together in the National Trades' Union. The labor movement gathered some momentum(动力) in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression(萧条) that followed, labor's strength collapsed(衰弱). During hard times, few workers were willing to strike* or engage in collective action. And skilled craft workers, who spearheaded(带头)the union movement, did not feel a particularly strong bond with semiskilled factory workers and unskilled laborers. More than a decade of agitation(鼓动) did finally bring a workday shortened to 10 hours to most industries by the 1850’s, and the courts also recognized workers' right to strike, but these gains had little immediate impact.

版权声明：本站内容均来自互联网，仅供演示用，请勿用于商业和其他非法用途。如果侵犯了您的权益请与我们联系QQ:729038198，我们将在24小时内删除。