词汇学期末考试复习资料
第一章
A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function
Word ，Vocabulary的关系All the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary.
The relationship between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary and conventional, and there is no logical relationship between sound and meaning.
Word-form and meaning: arbitrary and conventional.
What is the relationship between sound and meaning?
1)There is ‘no logical relationship between the sound and act dog. cat
2)The relationship between them is conventional.
3) In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.
What is relationship between sound and form?
1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree wit
h the oral form.
2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage
Old English
3)With the development of the language, more and more diff erences occur between the two.
What is the classification of words? How to classify words i n linguistics?
Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into
content words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words by origin.
According to Stuart Robertson the nine functional words , namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,you
What are the characteristics of basic word stock?
1) All national character 2) Stability 3) Productivity 4) Polyse my 5) Collocability
None basic vocabulary
1) sonata, algebra 专业术语
2) Bottom line ( Jargon ) 行话3) smoky, bear ( Slang ) 俚语
4) persuader 黑话，隐语
5) Dialectal station ( AusE = ranch ) bluid ( ScotE = blood)方言
6) wilt (will) 古语词
7) email ( Neologisms ) 新语词
第二章语系
Three Phases of the Historical Development
The first peoples who inhabited the land were Celts.
The second language known in English was Latin of the Roman Legions.
Celtic对英语的影响小，主要是place，river name。
The Indo-European is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East, and India.
…Indo-European?两大分支：Eastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Albani an
Western set : Celtic, Italic , Hellenic, Germanic.
Balto-Slavic///Prussian, Lithuanian , Polish ,Czech, Bulgaria n ,Slovenian and Russian.
In the western Set, Greek is the modern language derived fro m Hellenic.
Celtic：Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Breton
The Italic family The five Romance languages, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian , Romanian 。
The Germanic family consists of the four Northern Europea n Languages: Norwegian ,Icelandic, Danish and Swedish ,wh ich are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then t here is German, Dutch ,Flemish and English.
With Vikings’ invasion, many Scandinavian words came int o the English language.
In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian. Bengali, Hindi, Romany.
Old English450-1150 middle eng1150-1500
modern1500 up to now
Anglo-Saxon as Old English.
Although there were borrowings from Latin, the influence on
English was mainly Germanic.
Early modern English appeared in the Renaissance . ancient Greek and Roman classics.
Modern English：Early (1500-1700) and Late (1700-up to the present) Modern English
Old English was a highly inflected language. It was a synthetic language（综合性语言）.（Modern English is an analytic language）
Modern English period 外来语
The Latin words swarmed into English in early modern
The richness of Modern English in vocabulary also arises fro m (Colonization )
Three main sources of new words :
minimal
1)The rapid development of modern science and technology
2)Social, economic and political changes;
3)The influence of other cultures and language
Modes of Vocabulary Development
1)creation 2) semantic change 3) borrowing
英语从synthetic language 发展到
present analytical language 答案：Modern English period 三语鼎立French, Latin, English in Middle English period
文艺复兴时期，Greek , Roman culture
主要是Latin, Greek
某些希腊词被引入到了英语是在什么阶段?
答案：Modern English
Borrow最多从Latin, Greek, French, Scandinavian
第三章
The smallest unit in the English language (morphemes)
The minimal free form in the English language (word)
In the plural form changing, some of the words will take inter nal vowel change , this internal vowel change is allomorph s A morpheme attached to a base, stem or root (affix) Morphemes : The minimal meaningful units in a language，’the smallest functioning unit in composition of words Allomorphs : The alternative morphs that are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Morph（形素）—— the phonetic语言学的or orthographic 拼写法的segments部分which realize morfhemes. Allomorph (词素变体）--- refers to the variants of the same morpheme.

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