Minimal pair最小语音对: A pair of sound combinations which are identical in every way except one sound, e.g./pit/ and /bit/.
synchronic linguistics 共时语言学: the study of language and speech as they are used at a given moment and not in terms of how they have evolved over time. Displacement移位性:Language can be used to refer to things which are present, or not present, real or imagined matters in the past ,present, or future, or in far away places. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.
diachronic linguistics历时语言学: the study of linguistic change over time in contrast to looking at language as it is used at a given moment.
Langue and parole：Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
Competence and performance：Competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language
Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. clipping构词法: the process by which parts of a word of more than one syllable have been cut off, and reduced to a shorter form.
Phonology音位学: the study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in交流
Morphology形态学: the study of the way in which these symbols are arranged and combined to form words has constituted the branch of study.
Syntax句法学: the study of these rules governing the sentence formation Semantics语义学: the study of meaning
Sociolinguistics社会语⾔学: the studies of all these social aspects of language and its relation with society .
Psycholinguistics⾔理语⾔学: it relates the study of language to psychology. Morphology形态学：It refers to the part of the grammar that is concerned with word formation and word structure.
Pragmatics语用学: It is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. The study of language in use or language communication; the study of the use of context to make inference about meaning. Pragmatics=semantics+context
phonetics语音学: is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages. And it is divided into articulatory phonetic发音语音学,
auditory phonetics听觉语音学, acoustic phonetics声学语音学and Diacritics变音符号.
Phonology音位音段: aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication..
Phone音素: is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication.
Phoneme音位: is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a
certain phone in a certain phonetic context. allophones音位变体：The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called; the of that phoneme.
Broad transcription宽式标音：the transcription with letter-symbols only
Narrow transcription窄式标音：the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.
suprasegmental features超音段特征：The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. These are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence.
intonation语音语调：When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.
Four basic types of intonation-four tones: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone, and the rise-fall tone. hyponymy下义词：It refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms.
componential analysis成分分析法：It is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning.
context语境：It essential to the pragmatic study of language.It generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.
Morpheme词素: It is the most important component of a word structure and the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.minimal
Free Morpheme自由词素: Free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.
Bound morphemes黏着词素: are morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, must be combined with other morphemes to form words that can be used independently.
词根Root:the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.
词缀Affix: The collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.
派生词素Derivational morphemes: the morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of words.
曲折词素Inflectional morphemes: the morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on; they never change their syntactic category, never add any lexical meaning.
同义词Synonymy：lt refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning or words are close in meaning are called synonyms.
多义词Polysemy：lt refers to different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning.
同音(形)异义Homonymy：lt refers to the phenomenon that words have different meanings have the same form, i.e, different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.
ocutionary act语内行为: is the act of uttering words,phrases, and clauses. It is the
act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax,lexicon and phonology. illocutionary act言外行为: is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention;it is the act performed in saying something.
Perlocutionary act言后行为: is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.
广义的文化Culture，in a broad sense，means integrated pattern of human knowledge，belief and behavior that is both a result of and integral to the human capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding generations.
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis（SWH）language filters people’s perception and the way they categorize their experiences. This interdependence of language and thought is now known as SWH
categories范畴：It refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a p
articular language such as a sentence，a noun phrase or a verb. syntactic categories句法范畴：A fundamental fact about words in all human languages is that they can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes，called syntactic categories.

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