Supplementary Exercises for ME. Lexicology 1
Part I Multiple choices.
1.The definition of a word includes ___________.
A. a minimal free form that can function alone
B. a unit of meaning
C. a sound unity
D. all of the above
2.  A word is _______ of a language that has a given sound and meaning and
syntactic function.
A. a minimal free form
B. a smallest meaningful unit
C. an element which can not be further analyzed
D. a grammatically minimal form
3.The Indo-European language family consist of________.
A. all the languages in Europe and India
B. all the languages in India and some languages in Europe.
C. most of the languages of Europe, the Near East, and India.
D. Some of the languages of Europe and all the languages of the Near East
4.The symbolic connection of a word to a particular thing is almost always ______.
A. logical
B. arbitrary
C. inherent
D. automatic
5.The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be ______.
A.    A highly inflected language.
B.    A highly developed language.
C.    A very difficult language.
D.    A language of leveled endings.
6.More than one variant, which can realize some morphemes according to the
position in a word, are termed .
A. phonemes
B. allomorphs
C. morphs
D. phones
7.Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are
known as .
A. morphemes
B. derivational morphemes
C. inflectional morphemes
D. suffixes
8.is defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or
derivational affixes to stem. This process is also known as .
A. derivation, affixation
B. affixation, derivation
C. derivative, affixation
D. affixation, derivative
9.Sometimes, the meaning of a compound can be inferred from its separate
elements, for example, .
A. hot dog
B. red meat
C. flower pot
D. fat head
10.is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so
on while belongs to language, so is restricted to language use.
A. meaning, concept
B. concept, meaning
C. sense, reference
D. reference, sense
11.When readers come across the word “home” in reading, they may be reminded of
their family, friends, warmth, safety, love. That is because of the “home” has _______.
A. collocations
B. connotations
C. denotations
D. perorations
12.Which of the following belongs to a semantic field?
A. steed, charger, palfrey, plug, nag
B. pony, mustang, mule, stud, mare
C. policeman, constable, bobby, cop
D. domicile, residence, abode, home
13.Which group of the following are perfect homonyms?
A. dear (a loved person)—deer (a kind of animal)
B. bow (bending the head as a greeting)—bow(the device used for shooting)
C. bank (the edge of the river)—bank (an establishment for money business)
D. right (correct)—write (put down on paper with a pen)
14.The part of a piece of writing or speech which surrounds a word and helps to
explain its meaning is called _______.
A. Linguistic context
B. Grammatical context
C. Extra-linguistic context
D. Para-linguistic context
A. through high and low
B. through thick and thin
C .from head to foot    D. from start to finish
Part II True or false questions.
1.  A rule of word-formation is usually identical with a syntactic rule.
2.Word-formation rules themselves are not fixed but undergo changes to a certain
extent.
3.Affixes like “-th” are very productive in current English.
4.The chief function of prefixes is to change the word class of the stems.
5.The primary function of suffixes is to change the meaning of the stem.
6.Compounds are words formed by combining affixes and stems.
7.“-age, -al, -ance, -ation, -ence”in “linkage, dismissal, attendance, protection,
existence” can produce largely concrete nouns by being added to verb stems.
8.The meaning of a compound is usually the combination of stems.
9.The free phrase has the primary stress on the first element and the secondary
stress, if any, on the second.
10.In both compounds and free phrases the adjective element can take inflectional
suffixes.
11.Conversion is only a change of grammatical function of a lexical item with no
loss of its different range of meaning originally conveyed.
12.A fully converted noun from an adjective has all the features of nouns except
taking an indefinite article or, -(e)s to indicate singular or plural number.
13.Generally, conjunctions, modals, finite verbs, prepositions can’t be converted to
nouns.
14.Although blends and backformed words have already achieved popularity in
English, they are not advisable to be used frequently in formal writing.
15.Quite a number of derivational affixes have more than one meaning.
16.Simple words in English are usually non-motivated.
17.Lexical meaning is dominant in content words.
18.Componential analysis has no disadvantages.
19.Polysemic and homonymous words are stylistically useful to achieving humor or
irony, or to heighten dramatic effect.
20.In most cases, the native term is more literary than the foreign one.
Part III Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.
1.Morphemes are a bstract______ units, which are realized in speech by discrete
units known as m orph_______. The morpheme is to the morph what a phoneme _____ is to a phone. Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph.
Such alternative morphs are known as a llomorphs___________.
2.  A word is a minimal f ree_______ form of a language that has a given sound and
meaning and syntactic function.
3.Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called
_empty_____ words.
4.According to semantics, a word is a unit of m eaning.
5.Bound morphemes include b ound roots and a ffixes.
6.The most productive means of word formation are a ffixation,
c ompounding an
d c onversion.
7.Only when a connection has been, established between the linguistic sign and a
r eferent, does the sign become meaningful.
8.Most morphemes are realized by single words like "bird, tree, green", etc, Words
of these kinds are called m onomorphemic words.
9.With N orse invasion____, many Scandinavian words came into the English
language.
10.Antonyms are classified on the basis of s emantic opposition.
Part IV Explain the following terms with proper examples.
1.Explain with examples morpheme, morph and allomorph
2.Semantic field
Part V Answer the following questions.
1.What is collocative meaning? Give at least one example to illustrate your point.
2.Study the following sentence, paying special attention to the words in italics. If
you find anything wrong, please explain why and then improve the sentence.
The police were ordered to stop drinking about midnight.
3.Analyzes the morphological structures of the following words and point out the
types of the morphemes.
unbearable, international, ex-prisoner
Answers for Exercise 1
Part I Multiple choices.
1-5 DACBA 6-10 BCBCB 11-15 BBCAB
Part II True or false questions.
1.F
2.T
3.F
4.F
5.F
6.F
7.F
8.F
9.F 10.F 11.F 12.F 13.F 14.T 15.T 16. T 17. T 18. F 19. T 20. F
Part III Fill in the blanks.
1. abstract, morph, phoneme, allomorphs
2. free
3. empty
4. meaning
5. bound, affixes
6. affixation, compounding, conversion
7. referent
8. monomorphemic
9. Norse invasion 10. semantic opposition
Part IV Explain the following terms
1. In morpheme-based morphology, a morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning. A morpheme is free if it can stand alone, or bound if it is used exclusively alongside a free morpheme.
Morphs are the actual phonetic representations of the same morpheme.
An allomorph is a variant form of the same morpheme, and all the morphs of the same morpheme are grouped as being the allomorphs of a morpheme. The concept occurs when a unit of meaning can vary in sound (phonologically) without changing
meaning.
English example:
The word "unbreakable" has three morphemes: "un-", a bound morpheme; "break", a free morpheme; and "-able", a bound morpheme. "un-" is also a prefix, "-able" is a suffix. Both "un-" and "-able" are affixes.
The morpheme plural-s has the morph "-s", /s/, in cats (/kæts/), but "-es", /ɨz/, in dishes (/dɪʃɨz/), and even the voiced "-s", /z/, in dogs (/dɒgz/). "-s". These are allomorphs of the same morpheme plural -s.
2. The concept is from the concept of “field” in physics, referring to the clustering of a number of semantically related words. A semantic field is a set of lexemes in a named conceptual area that interrelate and define each other in specific ways. A general description is that words in a semantic field are not synonymous, but are all used to talk about the same general phenomenon. For example, the semantic field of “bugs” may include bees, spiders, moths, wasps, flies etc. According to semantic field theory a meaning of a word is dependent partly on its relation to other words in the same conceptual area. The kinds of semantic fields vary from culture to culture.
Part V Answer the following questions.
minimal
1. Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words, it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by words before or after the word in discussion. For example, 'pretty' and 'handsome' share the conceptual meaning of 'good looking', but are distinguished by the range of nouns they collocate with: pretty handsome.
2. The police were ordered to stop drinking about midnight.
（1）it is ambiguous
（2）ambiguity caused by the structure
（3）stop drinking can be understood as
1）police stop drinking by themselves
2）police stop people drinking
（4）improvement
1）The police were ordered to stop people drinking about midnight.
2）The police were ordered to stop drinking by themselves about midnight.
3. Morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning. The morphological analysis of the three words are as follows:
1) Each of the three words consists of three morphemes unbearable (un+bear+able), international (inter+nation+al), ex-prisoner(er+prison+er).
2) Of the nine morphemes, only bear, nation and prison are free morphemes as they can exist by themselves.
3) All the rest un-,-able, inter-,-al, ex-and-er are bound as none of them can stand alone as words.
Supplementary Exercises for ME. Lexicology 2
Part I Multiple choices.
1.From the phrase “ a white paper”, we know that the meaning of the word “paper”
here is “document”. This shows that the _______ context can define the meaning of a word.
A. extra-linguistic
B. grammatical
C. lexical
D. situational
2.The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called
_____.
A. synecdoche
B. metonymy
C. substitution
D. metaphor
3.Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects
A. humor
B. sarcasm
C. ridicule
D. all the above
4.Which of the following statements is Not correct?
A. A word can be formed by two free morphemes
B. A word can be formed by a free morpheme and a bound morpheme
C. A word can be formed by two bound morphemes
D. A word can be formed by any two affixes.
5.In different languages, the same concepts can be represented by different sounds,
which shows __________.
A. the relationship between sound and meaning can not be established.
B. there are different logical relations between sound and meaning
C. the relation between sound and meaning is a matter of convention
D. the concepts are not really the same
6.The two major factors that cause changes in meaning are ______.
A. historical reason and class reason
B. historical reason an psychological reason
C. class &psychological reason
D. extra-linguistic factors &linguistic factors
7.Old English vocabulary was in essence ________ with a small quantity of words
borrowed from Latin and Scandinavian.
A. Celtic
B. Germanic
C. Roman
D. Irish
8.is the basic form of a word, which can't be further analyzed without total
loss of identity.
A. Stem
B. Root
C. Morpheme
D. Affix
9.is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning but has to be
used in combination with other morphemes to make words.
A. Free root
B. Bound root
C. Morpheme
D. Bound morpheme
10.The most productive means of word-formation in modern English are the
following except .
A. compounding
B. affixation
C. acronym
D. conversion
11.The meanings of many compounds and derivatives are the total of the
combined.
A. morphs
B. allomorphs
C. roots
D. morphemes
12.The relationship between the word-form and meaning is ____. Most words can be
said to be___.
A. prescriptive, motivated
B. prescriptive, non-motivated
C. arbitrary, motivated
D. arbitrary, non-motivated
13.____ is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.
A. Grammatical meaning
B. Denotative meaning
C. Associative meaning
D. Connotative meaning
14.“parent/child, husband/wife, predecessor/successor” are ______ .
A. contrary terms
B. contradictory terms

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