第一章：Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary
注释： 选择填空   重点   名词解释   简答题   （第0~5讲）
1.1 What is a word
【名词解释】词的概念
  a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function 单词是一门语言中具有一定的声音、意义和语法功能并能够自由运用的最小语言单位
【填空】词的特点  
  1）a minimal free form of a language 一个语言的最小自由形式
  2）a sound unity 一个音的单位
  3）a unit of meaning 一个意义单位
  4）a form that can function alone in sentence 可以在句子中单独发挥作用的形式
1）in visual terms 视觉角度    一组有意义的字母打印或者写出来横排在一张纸上
  a meaningful group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper
2）in terms of spoken language 口语角度
    a word is viewed as a sound or combination of sound which are made voluntarily with human vocal equipment 一个词被视为一个声音或声音的组合是由人类发声器官自动组合而成的
3）semanticists 语义学家
  a word is a unit of meaning 一个词就是一个意义单位
4）grammarians 语法学家
  a word be a free form that can function in sentence 一个单词是可以在句子中起到自由形式的作用
【例子】书本第5页（重要）简答的时候加上例子好得分
1.2 Sound and meaning
【填空】声音与意义之间的关系
1）there is no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself  代表事物或思想的声音与实际事物和思想本身之间没有逻辑关系
2）the symbolic connection between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary
                                                      声音和意义之间的联系几乎是任意性
3）The relationship between the sound and the meaning of a word is convention
                                              minimal单词的发音和意思之间的关系是约定俗称的
4）woman, for example, become ‘femme’ in French and become ‘funu’ in Chinese
1.3 Sound and form
【简答】读音与拼写不一致的原因： 
1）more phonemes than letters in English 英语中音位数比字母数多
  The English alphabet was adopted form the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination 英语字母表是从罗马人那里继承来的，罗马人没有一个单独的字母来代表语言中的每个音，所以有些字母必须有双重功能或组合在一起
2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years 发音比拼写变化得快
3）some of the differences were created by the early scribes 有些差异是由早期的抄写员造成的
1. Deliberately changed spelling of words either to make a line even or for easier recognition
                                            人们故意改变单词的拼写方式，或者是为了使单词排成一行，或者是为了更容易识别
2. handwriting caused misunderstanding. To solve the problem in part, they changed the letter u to o when it came before m, n, or v. 笔迹造成误解。为了部分解决这个问题，他们改变了在m或v 变成 u 或 o
  3. the scribes seem to have decided that no English word should end in u or v. Thus, in time, an e was added to such words as live, have, due, and true but not pronounced.
               
抄写员似乎已经决定，英语单词不应该以u或v结尾。因此，随着时间的推移，e被添加到live、have、due、true等单词中，但不发音
4. printing became well established. It helped to freeze the spelling of words. The standardization makes spelling sacred. Dictionaries did their share in stopping spelling changes.Meanwhile, sounds continued to change as usual, thus bringing more differences.
    印刷业已成熟。它有助于固定单词的拼写。标准化使得拼写变得神圣。词典在阻止拼写变化方面发挥了作用。与此同时，声音像往常一样继续变化，从而带来更多的差异
4）borrowing 借用
  This is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary. When English borrowed words from other languages, it borrowed spelling as well. The early borrowings were assimilated and the later ones, however, do not conform to the rules of English pronunciation and spelling,
这是丰富英语词汇的重要渠道。当英语从其他语言中借用单词时，它也借用拼写。早期的借用被同化了，而后期的借用却不符合英语的发音和拼写规则
1.4 Vocabulary  英语词汇量100万以上
【名词解释】词汇的含义：
  All the words in a language make up its vocabulary
       
【识记】
  The term ‘vocabulary’ is used in different senses. Not only can it refer to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period. 术语“词汇”在不同的意义上使用。它不仅可以指一种语言中单词的总数，而且它可以代表在特定历史时期使用的所有单词
1.5 Classification of words词的分类
【填空】词汇分类的标准：
1）use frequency 使用频率    >>>>    the basic word stock  &  nonbasic vocabulary基本词汇量和非基本词汇
2）notion 实意        >>>>    content words    &     functional words  内容词和功能词
3）origin 来源        >>>>    native words      &     borrowed words  母语和借用词
1.5.1 ① Basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary基本词汇和非基本词汇
【简答】基本词汇的特点   Basic word stock
1）All national character 全民性
  Words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us, which are indispensable to all the people who speak the language.
基本词库的词指的是我们周围世界上最常见的事物和现象，这是所有说这种语言的人所不可缺少的
    A）Natural phenomena 自然现象     
    B）Human body and relations人体与关系 
    C）Names of plants and animals动植物名称
    D）Action, size, domain, state动作、大小、领域、状态 
    E）Numerals, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions数词、代词、介词、连词
  任何说英语的人都不能回避这些词，不论阶级出身、教育程度、职业、地域、文化

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